Classical conditioning (also known as Pavlovian conditioning) is learning through association and was discovered by Pavlov, a Russian physiologist. In simple terms, two stimuli are linked together to produce a new learned response in a person or animal. John Watson proposed that the process of classical conditioning (based on Pavlov’s observations) was able to explain all aspects of human psychology

In the most general sense an audit is the means by which a person is assured by another person of the quality and condition and status of some subject matter that the auditor has examined. the need for an audit appears because the shareholders are doubtful about the quality condition or status of the subject matter and is able to remove the doubt or uncertainty

Analysis is an act of breaking an item into individual elements so as to study the element. Financial analysis is an integral part of business analysis. Financial statement analysis is an important part of business analysis. Business analysis is the process of evaluating a company’s economic prospects and risks. This includes analyzing a company’s environment, its strategies, financial position and performance. Business analysis is useful in a wide range of business decisions

The concept of purchasing policy and strategy is central to understanding of the process of strategic management. The term strategy emanates from a Greek word ‘ strategos’ , which means generalship – the actual direction of a military force as distinct from the policy governing their deployment. The word literally means the art of the general. Strategy begins with a concept of how to use the resources of a firm more effectively in the changing environment. It is similar to the concept in sports called “ game plan” e.g. before a team goes into the field, effective coaches examine a competitor’ s past plans, strengths and weaknesses. The objective is to win the game with minimum injuries; coaches may also not wish to use all their best players but to save some for the future opponents. So coaches devise a plan to win a game.

The main purpose of this course to enable the learner to improve skills in clearing and forwarding in global procurement of supplies. Enhance the efficiency of the inbound and outbound logistics when sourcing from abroad.

Communication is a process of sending and receiving messages between twopeople that enhances human to share knowledge, attitude and skills. It begins with Message – Sender—Medium—Receiver—Feedback. During communication messages are transmitted, received, analyzed, accepted and rejected

The course will develop your analytical skills and teach you to evaluate theory and implement procedures within the corporate sector and financial institutions.

Research Methodology Course is a course on the subject of disciplined enquiry. The course will mainly cover science research process. The students will be expected to have taken a course in statistics to enable them appreciate the use of statistics in science research in general and data processing and analysis in particular.

An operating system is a software that manages the computer hardware. The hardware must provide appropriate mechanisms to ensure the correct operation of the computer system and to prevent user programs from interfering with the proper operation of the system.

The purpose of this module: the learner to acquire Basic mathematical concepts in order to prepare for the advanced courses and acquiring positive attitude, knowledge and skills which will be relevant to her/his life in the university.

A Statistician collects information for variables, which describe the situation. A variable is a characteristics or attribute that can assume different values. That is Data are values, measurements or observations that the variables can assume. Variables whose values are determined by chance are called random variable.

The first computing machine was known as ABACUS which was used in ancient China and Japan thousands of years before Christ for simple and small volumes arithmetics. John Napier invented Logarithms which was an aid to calculations, he also published log tables in 1614 and later in 1620s it was used by William Oughtred to develop the slide rule.

A project is a series of activities aimed at producing a good or a service. According to the project management institute, a project is defined as a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product/ service. Temporary means that every project has a definite end. Unique means that the product or service is different in some distinguishing way from all similar products or services.

Food science is the study of nature, composition and the chemical and physical changes that occur under valid conditions of storage, processing and use of food components.

Accounting is a systematic process of identifying, recording, measuring, classifying, verifying, summarizing, interpreting and communicating financial information. It reveals profit or loss for a given period, and the value and nature of a firm's assets, liabilities and owners' equity. Accounting provides information on the.

Mathematical statement of equality between algebraic expressions. An expression is algebraic if it involves a finite combination of numbers and variables and algebraic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, raising to a power, and extracting a root).

This course explains the meaning of organizational communication and show its importance in the success of organizations. we also identify and discuss the various types of communications in organizations as well as communication problems in organizations

This text is designed to teach the concepts and techniques of basic linear algebra as a rigorous mathematical subject. Besides computational proficiency, there is an emphasis on understanding definitions and theorems, as well as reading, understanding and creating proofs. A strictly logical organization, complete and exceedingly detailed proofs of every theorem, advice on techniques for reading and writing proofs, and a selection of challenging theoretical exercises will slowly provide the novice with the tools and confidence to be able to study other mathematical topics in a rigorous fashion.

In this lecture the focus will be to learn about the evolution of psychology from a philosophical discipline to a scientific one. We will find out and learn about different schools of psychology and the modern perspectives of psychology – different approaches that modern psychologists use to explain human nature. Psychology has evolved into a discipline that can be treated from both basic and applied perspective. As a scientific discipline we will learn about modern research methodologies that scientific psychologists use to study human and animal behaviour. The significance of ethical issues will also be addressed.

The time required for a reactant to reach half its original concentration is called the halflife of a reactant and is designated by the symbol . For example, we can calculate the half-life of the decomposition reaction discussed in Sample Exercise 12.2. The data plotted in Fig. 12.5 show that the half-life for this reaction is 100 seconds. We can see this by considering the following numbers: