The Respiratory System is crucial to every human being. Without it, we would cease to live outside of the womb.The respiratory system is one of the 11 organ systems of the body. It is responsible for the passage of air into our body, which is the source of life energy. We breathe in air rich in oxygen by the process called inspiration and breathe out air rich in CO2 by a process called expiration. The respiratory system helps in the safe exchange of gases from the outer atmosphere to inside the body.

A key component of organizational resources is the human resource, without human resources other resources, would be useless. An organization needs people with various skills, competencies and attitudes to drive the organization to achieve its objectives.

The term cerebral palsy refers not to a specific disease entity, but rather to a group of conditions with variable severity that has certain developmental features in common. The formal definition, delineated by an international panel in the mid­2000s, is as follows: “Cerebral palsy describes a group of permanent disorders of the development of movement and posture, causing activity limitation, that are attributed to non­progressive disturbances that occurred in the developing fetal or infant brain. The motor disorders of cerebral palsy are often accompanied by disturbances of sensation, perception, cognition, communication and behaviour, by epilepsy and by secondary musculoskeletal problems”. The nuances of this definition are parsed in more detail

This course is designed to introduce learners to counselling. It will cover counselling and its concepts, competencies of counselling professionals, basic skills of counselling, core conditions of counselling, the stages of the counselling process, introduction to the theories and intervention methods of counselling, ethics and ethical issues in the counselling, as well as group counselling

The course reinforces aspects of positive change in behaviour that includes attitudes and problems as a result of misconduct. It explores ways in which behaviour may be said to be pathological and consequently the need for desirable positive amendment in behaviour and the ways this can be improved or brought about, as well as intervention techniques that can be used for this purpose. The course further seeks insight and special attention to the relationships between counsellor and client in transforming behaviour in therapy as well as general psychology including dealing with children, adolescence, mid-life crisis and adults. The influence of the therapist, the power of the counsellor – client relationship and their effects on psychological management are highlighted.

Codependency can be defined as a disease of self-personhood which results from exposure and practice of a set of oppressive rules. These rules prevent the practice of open expression of feelings and direct and spontaneous expression of one's interpersonal problems and ideas.

The electronic configuration of cations is assigned by removing electrons first in the outermost p orbital, followed by the s orbital and finally the d orbitals (if any more electrons need to be removed). Example: calcium (Z=20), 1s22s22p63s23p64s2; Ca2+: EC is 1s22s22p63s23p6 chlorine (Z=17), EC is 1s22s22p63s23p5 Cl- : 1s22s22p63s23p6. The ns electrons are always lost before the (n-1)d when forming cations for transition metals. For example, Zn: [Ar]4s23d10  Zn+2: [Ar]3d10  

This module is designed to equip the trainee with knowledge, skills and attitudes that will enable him/her to effectively counsel and support clients n a society.

Deviation is a measure of difference between the observed value of a variable and some other value, often that variable's mean. The sign of the deviation (positive or negative), reports the direction of that difference (the deviation is positive when the observed value exceeds the reference value). The magnitude of the value indicates the size of the difference.

Animal welfare is attracting increasing interest worldwide, but particularly from those in developed countries, who now have the knowledge and resources to be able to offer the best management systems for their farm animals, as well as potentially being able to offer plentiful resources for companion, zoo and laboratory animals. The increased attention given to animal welfare in the West derives largely from the fact that the relentless pursuit of financial reward and efficiency has lead to the development of intensive animal production systems that offend the conscience of many consumers in those countries. In developing countries, human survival is still a daily uncertainty, so that provision for animal welfare has to be balanced against human welfare. Welfare is usually provided for only if it supports the output of the animal, be it food, work, clothing, sport or companionship

he discovery of the link between insulin and diabetes led to a period of intense research aimed at understanding exactly how insulin works in the body to regulate glucose levels. Hormones in general act by binding to some protein, known as the hormone’s receptor, thus initiating a series of events that lead to a desired outcome. In the early 1970s, the insulin receptor was purified, and researchers began to study what happens after insulin binds to its receptor and how those events are linked to the uptake and metabolism of glucose in cells.

The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery (or to peaceful death)".A consumer is an individual, a group of people, or a community that uses a service or community. People who use health care products or services are consumers of health care.

Source of law means the origin from which rules of human conduct come into existence and derive legal force or binding characters. There are many different sources of law in any society. Some laws will be written in the country's Constitution; others will be passed by the legislature (usually a parliament or congress); others will come from long social tradition. Several factors of law have contributed to the development of law.

This module is designed to enable the student acquire knowledge, skills and attitude to acquire competence necessary for the implementation of community health programs, community nutrition program and environmental aspects of health.

Science of food, the nutrients and other substances therein, their action, interaction, and their balance in relation to health and disease and the process by which the organism ingests, digests, absorbs, transports, utilizes and excretes food substances. In simple terms, nutrition is the science of nourishing the body properly or the analysis of the effects of food on the living organisms.

Health Education is a social science that draws from the biological, environmental, psychological, physical and medical sciences to promote health and prevent disease, disability and premature death by educating individuals and communities to voluntarily change their behaviours to improve their health and well-being.

Community Diagnosis (community or needs assessment) is the foundation for improving and promoting the health of community members. The role of community assessment is to identify factors that affect the health of a population and determine the availability of resources within the community to adequately address these factors.

Community nutrition is an applied field of study that consists of applying a specific body of subject matter to the identification and solution of health and nutritional problems during the interactions of nutrition personnel and the community.

While the law is indeed complex, certain basic principles and procedures can be established that will minimize a manager’s chances of encountering legal difficulty. Law affects every aspect of our lives. Law governs our conduct form the cradle to the grave. In fact, the influence of law extends form even before our birth and after our death.

Despite any reliance on any controls, the auditor must substantiate the substance of the accounts. He must obtain evidence that the accounts give a true and fair view. To do that he has to verify the amounts attached to assets and liabilities in the accounts.