Codependency can be defined as a disease of self-personhood which results from exposure and practice of a set of oppressive rules. These rules prevent the practice of open expression of feelings and direct and spontaneous expression of one's interpersonal problems and ideas.

The electronic configuration of cations is assigned by removing electrons first in the outermost p orbital, followed by the s orbital and finally the d orbitals (if any more electrons need to be removed). Example: calcium (Z=20), 1s22s22p63s23p64s2; Ca2+: EC is 1s22s22p63s23p6 chlorine (Z=17), EC is 1s22s22p63s23p5 Cl- : 1s22s22p63s23p6. The ns electrons are always lost before the (n-1)d when forming cations for transition metals. For example, Zn: [Ar]4s23d10  Zn+2: [Ar]3d10  

This module is designed to equip the trainee with knowledge, skills and attitudes that will enable him/her to effectively counsel and support clients n a society.

Deviation is a measure of difference between the observed value of a variable and some other value, often that variable's mean. The sign of the deviation (positive or negative), reports the direction of that difference (the deviation is positive when the observed value exceeds the reference value). The magnitude of the value indicates the size of the difference.

Animal welfare is attracting increasing interest worldwide, but particularly from those in developed countries, who now have the knowledge and resources to be able to offer the best management systems for their farm animals, as well as potentially being able to offer plentiful resources for companion, zoo and laboratory animals. The increased attention given to animal welfare in the West derives largely from the fact that the relentless pursuit of financial reward and efficiency has lead to the development of intensive animal production systems that offend the conscience of many consumers in those countries. In developing countries, human survival is still a daily uncertainty, so that provision for animal welfare has to be balanced against human welfare. Welfare is usually provided for only if it supports the output of the animal, be it food, work, clothing, sport or companionship

he discovery of the link between insulin and diabetes led to a period of intense research aimed at understanding exactly how insulin works in the body to regulate glucose levels. Hormones in general act by binding to some protein, known as the hormone’s receptor, thus initiating a series of events that lead to a desired outcome. In the early 1970s, the insulin receptor was purified, and researchers began to study what happens after insulin binds to its receptor and how those events are linked to the uptake and metabolism of glucose in cells.

The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery (or to peaceful death)".A consumer is an individual, a group of people, or a community that uses a service or community. People who use health care products or services are consumers of health care.

Source of law means the origin from which rules of human conduct come into existence and derive legal force or binding characters. There are many different sources of law in any society. Some laws will be written in the country's Constitution; others will be passed by the legislature (usually a parliament or congress); others will come from long social tradition. Several factors of law have contributed to the development of law.

This module is designed to enable the student acquire knowledge, skills and attitude to acquire competence necessary for the implementation of community health programs, community nutrition program and environmental aspects of health.

Science of food, the nutrients and other substances therein, their action, interaction, and their balance in relation to health and disease and the process by which the organism ingests, digests, absorbs, transports, utilizes and excretes food substances. In simple terms, nutrition is the science of nourishing the body properly or the analysis of the effects of food on the living organisms.

Health Education is a social science that draws from the biological, environmental, psychological, physical and medical sciences to promote health and prevent disease, disability and premature death by educating individuals and communities to voluntarily change their behaviours to improve their health and well-being.

Community Diagnosis (community or needs assessment) is the foundation for improving and promoting the health of community members. The role of community assessment is to identify factors that affect the health of a population and determine the availability of resources within the community to adequately address these factors.

Community nutrition is an applied field of study that consists of applying a specific body of subject matter to the identification and solution of health and nutritional problems during the interactions of nutrition personnel and the community.

While the law is indeed complex, certain basic principles and procedures can be established that will minimize a manager’s chances of encountering legal difficulty. Law affects every aspect of our lives. Law governs our conduct form the cradle to the grave. In fact, the influence of law extends form even before our birth and after our death.

Despite any reliance on any controls, the auditor must substantiate the substance of the accounts. He must obtain evidence that the accounts give a true and fair view. To do that he has to verify the amounts attached to assets and liabilities in the accounts.

Public Relations is the deliberate, planned and sustained effort to establish and maintain mutual understanding between on organization and its publics. Public Relations is distinctive management function which helps establish and maintain mutual lines of communication, understanding, acceptance and cooperation between an organization and its publics.

The d–block occupies the large middle section flanked by s– and p– blocks in the periodic table. The very name ‘transition’ given to the elements of d-block is only because of their position between s– and p– block elements. The d–orbitals of the penultimate energy level in their atoms receive electrons giving rise to the three rows of the transition metals, i.e., 3d, 4d and 5d. The fourth row of 6d is still incomplete.

The brain controls all that we do. Different parts of the brain control the movement of every muscle of the body. In cerebral palsy, there is damage to, or lack of development in, one of these areas of the brain. 'Cerebral' – refers to the brain. 'Palsy' – can mean weakness or paralysis or lack of muscle control. Therefore cerebral palsy is a disorder of muscle control which results from some damage to part of the brain. The term cerebral palsy is used when the problem has occurred early in life, to the developing brain.

The modern day financial manager is instrumental to a company’s success. As cash flows pulsate through the organization, this individual is at the heart of what is happening. If finance is to play a general management in role in the organization, the financial manager must be a team player who is constructively involved in operations, marketing and the company’s overall strategy. Where once the financial manager was charged only with such tasks as keeping record, preparing financial reports, managing the company’s cash position, paying bill, and, on occasion, obtaining funds, the broad domains today includes (i)investments in assets and new products and (ii) determining the best mix of financing and dividends in relations to the company’s overall valuation.

Matter and living organisms are organized in a certain order, from the simplest level to the most complex level. Cells occupy the first level of matter that is described as living as illustrated in the figure below