GRADE 1 KISWAHILI UPDATED LESSON PLANS- KARIBU DARASANI

Is an act of giving a treatment, such as drug, to a patient. It includes the way it given, the dose or how often it is given. Drugs can be administered orally as liquids, capsules tablets or chewable. Understanding the rights of drug administration can help a nurse to provide effective and appropriate medication to a patient without any medication errors, ignoring these rights may lead to severe pain, sufferings and even death to the patients. Nurses, who primarily involved in the administration of drugs “medication”, benefit from this simplified memory aid to help them to administer medications safely with high quality.

Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition where airways become inflamed thus they narrow, swell and produce extra mucus causing difficulty in breathing, recurring episodes of wheezing , chest tightness and coughing.

Body fluids contain water and solutes, the solutes are electrolytes e.g. Na+, K+, Cl- and non electrolytes e.g. glucose and urea. Osmolality is the concentration of solutes (electrolytes and proteins) per liter. Fluid homeostasis is present when fluid and electrolyte balance is maintained despite variation in dietary intake, metabolic rate and renal function.

Female Genital Mutilation (FGM): Comprises all procedures involving partial or total removal of the female genitalia or any other injury to the female genital organs or any harmful procedure to the female genitalia, for non-medical reasons and includes clitoridectomy, excision and infibulations but does not include a sexual reassignment or a medical procedure that has a genuine therapeutic purpose.(NATIONAL ADOLESCENT SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH POLICY 2015 ) • Comprises all procedures involving partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or other injury tothe female genital organs whether for cultural or other non-therapeutic reasons.(WHO)

Although the skull appears to be 1 large bone, there are actually several major bones that are connected together. The major bones that compose the skull of a newborn include the following: 2 frontal bones 2 parietal bones 1 occipital bone These bony plates cover the brain and are held together by fibrous material called sutures. Sutures allow the bones to move during the birth process. They act like an expansion joint. This allows the bone to enlarge evenly as the brain grows and the skull expands. The result is a symmetrically shaped head. Some sutures extend to the forehead, while others extend to the sides and back of the skull. One suture in the middle of the skull extends from the front of the head to the back.

External genitalia (vulva) Consists of: Labia majora Labia minora Clitoris Vaginal orifice Vestibule Hymen Vestibular glands

A newborn baby's first examination is a physical assessment that evaluates the baby's health and looks for any congenital abnormalities or disease. The exam is performed by a doctor or specialist midwife within the first 72 hours of birth

Ethics: The word ethics is derived from a Greek term `ethos’ which means customs, convention or the spirit of a community. The word can be used interchangeably with the term morals a Latin word, both of which refer to social customs regarding Nursing Ethics. Bioethics: This is the application of general ethical principles to healthcare. Bioethics and Nursing Ethics both deal with ethical issues in Clinical practice, Research, Allocation of resources and Policy formulation and implementation. Nursing Ethics This is a system of principles governing the conduct of a nurse. It deals with the relationship of the nurse to the patient, the patient’s family, associates and fellow nurses and society at large. Nursing Ethics is derived/ expressed through: the law, institutional policies/ practices, and policies of professional organizations and professional standards of care.

Safe nursing practice requires understanding the legal framework of health care. Understanding the legal implications of nursing practice demands critical reasoning skills to protect the patient’s rights and the nurse from liability. Society expects safe health care delivery, especially from nurses who are typically perceived as the most trusted profession. As patient care practice innovations and new health care technologies emerge, the principles of negligence and malpractice liability are being applied to challenging new situations. Nurses should not fear the law but instead practice nursing armed with the judgment skills that are the outcomes of informed critical thinking.

Respiratory muscles are stimulated to contract by the respiratory center in the medulla. • The medulla receives input from chemoreceptors to increase the rate and/or depth of respiration to maintain homeostasis in the body. • Drugs that affect the respiratory system work to keep the airways open and gases moving efficiently

The nervous system controls the body, analyzes external stimuli, and integrates internal and external responses to stimuli. • The neuron, comprising a cell body, dendrites and an axon, is the functional unit of the nervous system. • Dendrites route information to the nerve, and axons take the information away.

Hypertension is a sustained state of higher-than normal BP that can lead to blood vessel damage and damage to small vessels in the organs. A decrease in blood flow to the kidneys triggers the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, by which the blood vessels constrict and water is retained. This activity increases blood pressure and restores blood flow to the kidney

Errors are an integral part of human life. According to the National Coordinating Council for Medication Error Reporting and Prevention, a medication error is defined as "any preventable event that may cause or lead to inappropriate medication use or patient harm while the medication is in the control of the healthcare professional, patient, or consumer,”. Such events may be related to professional practice, healthcare products, procedures, and systems, including prescribing; order communication; product labeling, packaging and catalogue; compounding; dispensing; distribution; administration; education; monitoring; and use

Factors that influence urine production include Glomerular filtration Tubular reabsorption Tubular secretion. Many substances increase urine production by the normal kidney including dietary components such as water, osmotically active salts and sugars and xanthines

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are administered to patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis(RA) mainly to offer symptomatic relief (reduce inflammation and pain) hence preserve function

It’s the examination of the inside of the bladder. Ureters renoscopy ( URS)is examination of the upper urinary tract(ureter and renal pelvis and calyes. A cystoscope is a long thin optical instrument with eye piece at one end a rigid or flexible tube in the middle and the tiny lens and the light at the other end of the tube the cystoscope is inserted into patient’s urethra and the small lens magnify the inner lining of the urethra and bladder allowing to see the hollow bladder .

Facts about the heart; The heart weighs 200 to 425 grams and is a little larger than the size of your fist. Each day, the average heart beats 100,000 times, pumping about 7,571 liters of blood.

Pharmacology is the study of the biological effects of chemicals. • Pharmacognosy- is the study of medicines or crude drugs produced from natural sources such as plants, microbes, and animals • After a drug is administered, it is called a medication. • Drugs- A drug is a chemical agent capable of producing biologic responses within the body.

• A nurse who wishes to be an effective caregiver must first learn how to communicate effectively. • Good communication skills enable nurses to get to know their patients, take history, diagnose, plan and meet their needs for nursing care. • To adequately document the patient’s health history, communication techniques are important. • Communication skills are therefore the building blocks of professional relationships between nurse and client, and the nurse and co- workers. • Good skills help in exchange of ideas to facilitate problem solving.