It’s any bleeding from or into the genital tract occurring after 28 weeks gestation which is unrelated to labor and delivery. • Any bleeding after 28weeks gestation and before 2nd stage of labour

Dorothea Orem was born in 1914 in Maryland. She began her nursing education in 1939 in Providence hospital school of nursing in Washington DC where she received a diploma. She later earned her BSC in nursing education in 1939 and a MSc. in nursing education in 1945. Orem kept asking herself what conditions existed in a person that made it necessary to bring in a nurse. This led to the evolution of her idea of self- care.

Right to emergency treatment in a health facility • In emergency situations irrespective of the patient’s ability to pay for treatment, treatment to stabilize the patient’s condition shall be provided • Right to be informed of all the provisions of one’s medical scheme/health insurance policy • Anyone enjoying the provisions of medical cover is entitled to know all the privileges accorded and also entitled to challenge, where and if necessary, the contents and decisions of the medical scheme and health insurance policy

These are organized bodies of knowledge to define what nursing is, what nurses do, and why they do it

Medical-surgical nursing involves the nursing care of adult patients whose conditions or disorders are treated medically/pharmacologically, or surgically • It is also defined as the diagnosis and treatment of human responses of individuals and groups to actual or potential health problems • It is the nursing care of the adults with suspected or diagnosed pathology of physiological function

Perineal tears are injuries that occur in the perineal area (the region between the vaginal opening and the anus). • They are classified based on their severity and the structures involved. Risk factors • Large baby (macrosomia) • Instrumental delivery (forceps or vacuum) • Primigravida • Prolonged second stage of labour • Shoulder dystocia • Previous perineal tears

It is a rare condition, but highly fatal. (5th most common cause of maternal mortality.). It is a severe obstetrical emergency which occurs either as the first stage ends, though rare, or shortly after separation of the placenta. In either situation, the uterus is injured (torn) or uterine sinuses do not close instantly. So some amniotic fluid is forced into the maternal circulation by the strong uterine contractions hence embolism.

Primary (Immediate) PPH Definition • It’s excessive bleeding occurring during 3 rd stage or any time within the first 24 hours of delivery. Major causes • Uterine atony or atonic uterus (Tone /tissue = 70% ) • Trauma along the genital tract. ( Trauma = 20% ) • Blood coagulation disorder. ( Thrombin = 1% ) (4 Ts – Tone, Tissue, Trauma, Thrombin)

• Rupture of the uterus is a serious complication, which should not occur in today’s obstetric care where there is good prenatal and intra partum care. • Its is one of the most serious complications in midwifery & obstetrics. • It is often fatal for the foetus & may also be responsible for the death of the mother • It remains a significant problem worldwide. However, with effective antenatal and intrapartum care, some cases may be avoided.

Refers to a condition where the uterus partly or completely turns inside out, such that the inner surface of the fundus prolapses to appear at the internal cervical os level for the mild, mid-way in the vagina for the moderate and at the vaginal introitus or on the vulva for the severe.

Download full notes ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM that will equip informative and insightful information on matter reproductive system of male .

Its when the umbilical cord comes out of the uterus with or before the presenting part. The concern is that pressure on the cord from the baby will compromise blood flow to the baby

COMPONENTS OF THE URINARY SYSTEM A: Anatomical 1. Kidneys 2. Ureters 3. Urinary bladder 4. Urethra COMPONENTS OF THE URINARY SYSTEM A: Functional 1. Secretory units the nephrons 2. Urine collecting units •Kidneys have both*

PPH Refers to excessive bleeding from the genital tract after birth of the baby, up to 6(six) weeks or 42 days postpartum. Description • Excessive bleeding from the birth canal after 2ndstage of labour and within the puerperium period. • It amounts to 500 ml or more, or any volume that causes deterioration of maternal condition.

FUNCTIONS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 1. Delivery of water and nutrients to the body 2. Endocrine functions 3. Excretion of waste (via the biliary system) 4. Immunologic functions

The abdominal wall is made up of multiple layers of muscles and fascia that protect the body's organs and provide stability to the trunk. Some abdominal regions and muscles include: Rectus abdominis A muscle surrounded by the rectus sheath, which is made up of fibers from the three lateral abdominal wall muscles.

Precipitate Labor • Refers to a delivery which results after an unusually rapid labour (less than three hours) and culminates in the rapid, spontaneous expulsion of the foetus. Delivery often occurs without the benefit of asepsis. Predisposing factors • A multipara with relaxed pelvic or perineal floor muscles may have anextremely short period of expulsion. • A multipara with unusually strong, forceful contractions. Two to three powerful contractions may cause the baby to appear with considerable rapidity. • Inadequate warning of imminent birth due to absence of painful sensations during labor.

The endocrine system is a network of glands that produce and release hormones into the bloodstream to regulate and target organs throughout the body. The hypothalamus is the neural control center for the endocrine system in vertebrates.

The integumentary system is the body's outer layer, made up of skin, hair, nails, and glands and nerves. It protects the body from injury, infection, bacteria, and sunlight, and helps regulate body temperature. The integumentary system also allows you to feel sensations like hot and cold.

The terms cholangiocarcinoma and bile duct cancer are often used interchangeably. Primary biliary tract malignancies affect one in every 100,000 people per year in the United States. More than 95% of these malignancies are cholangiocarcinomas (epithelial adenocarcinomas ) frequently found in the extrahepatic biliary tree. This form of cancer is slightly more prevalent in males than females (1.3:1.0) and usually affects patients in the fifth to seventh decade of life