here are 4 primary drugs (first-line) used in the treatment (RIFAFOUR) Rifampicin (R) Isoniazid (H) Pyrazinamide (Z) Ethambutol (E)

Antiseptics and disinfectants are locally acting antimicrobial drugs. These agents are used to reduce acquisition and transmission of infection. Drugs suitable for antisepsis and disinfection cannot be used internally because of toxicity. As a rule, agents used as disinfectants are too harsh for application to living tissue

CAD involves changes in the coronary vessels that promote atheromas, which narrow the coronary arteries and decrease their elasticity and responsiveness to normal stimuli. • Angina pectoris occurs when the narrowed vessels cannot accommodate the myocardial demand for oxygen. • When a coronary vessel is completely occluded, the cells that depend on that vessel for oxygen become ischemic, then necrotic, and die (MI).

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This course provides the student with an introduction to the basic elements of modern microeconomics. The course provides coverage of the institutional background and the history of significant microeconomic ideas and issues in Kenya and around the world. It will develop an understanding of how microeconomics relates to practical life. Students are expected to apply the knowledge in other economics units. The study employs extensive use of diagrams and mathematical expressions in the illustration of concepts.

The way you speak tells more about you than the way you dress. And of course changing one’s clothes is easier than altering your enunciation. But it is possible, with some effort, to train yourself to speak a language in a way that is not too divergent from the way native speaker do. This module is meant to help you to that end learning the English language.

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Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites; their replication depends primarily on synthetic processes of the host cell. Therefore, to be effective, antiviral agents must either block viral entry into or exit from the cell or be active inside the host cell.

Protozoa are a diverse group of unicellular eukaryotic organisms, many of which are motile. • Parasitic protozoa are transmitted by insects or by fecal-oral route. • In human.s protozoa mainly reside in blood or intestine . • Protozoa of medical importance include plasmodium, amoeba, trypanosomes leishmania etc

It is a common movement disorder that involves dysfunction in the basal ganglia and associated brain structures. • It is a progressive neurological disorder of muscle movement characterized by: Tremors Muscle rigidity Bradykinesias =slowness in initiating and carrying out voluntary movements. Postural and gait abnormalities

Malaria is transmitted by the bite of infected female anopheles mosquitoes. During feeding, mosquitoes inject sporozoites, which circulate to the liver, and rapidly infect hepatocytes, causing asymptomatic liver infection (hepatic phase)(absent in falciparum; malariae) . Merozoites released from the liver, rapidly infect erythrocytes to begin the asexual erythrocytic stage of infection that is responsible for human disease. Multiple rounds of erythrocytic development, with production of merozoites that invade additional erythrocytes, lead to large numbers of circulating parasites and clinical illness

An antifungal agent is a drug that selectively eliminates fungal pathogens from a host with minimal toxicity to the host. Fungi can be found throughout the world in all kinds of environments. Most fungi don’t cause disease in people. However, some species can infect humans and cause illness. While most fungal infections affect areas such as the skin and nails, some can lead to more serious and potentially life threatening conditions like meningitis or pneumonia. There are several types of antifungal drugs available to fight fungal infections.

Insulin is the hormone produced by the pancreatic beta cells of the islets of Langerhans. • The hormone is released into circulation when the levels of glucose around these cells rise • Insulin is released from pancreatic beta cells at a low basal rate and at a much higher stimulated rate in response to a variety of stimuli, especially glucose. • The liver and kidney are the two main organs that remove insulin from the circulation

All cancers start with a single cell that is genetically different (mutated). This cell divides, eventually producing a tumor or neoplasm that has characteristics quite different from those of the original tissue. • Cancer cells lose their normal function (anaplasia), develop characteristics that allow them to grow in an uninhibited way (autonomy), and have the ability to travel to other sites in the body that are conducive to their growth (metastasis).

Anti-infective agents are drugs designed to target foreign organisms that have invaded and infected the body of a human host. The goal of anti-infective agents is to interfere with the normal function of the invading organism to prevent it from reproducing and to cause cell death without affecting host cells

Inflammation is mediated by prostaglandins • The treatment of inflammation involves two primary goals: First, the relief of symptoms and the maintenance of function; and second, the slowing or arrest of the tissue-damaging process. • Salicylates and other similar agents share the capacity to suppress the signs and symptoms of inflammation. • They also exert antipyretic and analgesic effects.

Rational use of medications in neonates depends on an appreciation of the physiologic immaturity and developmental maturation that influence neonatal drug disposition. Have altered body composition, weight, size and physiologic parameters.

INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF NEWBORN AND CHILDHOOD ILLNESS INTRODUCTION(IMNCI ) • A systematic approach with interventions that focuses on the health, growth and development of children under five years of àge • Indicates strategies that were developed by UNICEF, WHO, and MOH to reduce preventable disability, mortality and morbidity rates in children under five years of age. • Strategies include preventable measures on the part of families and communities as well as curative actions to be taken by health workers and health facilities