Hypertension is a sustained state of higher-than normal BP that can lead to blood vessel damage and damage to small vessels in the organs. A decrease in blood flow to the kidneys triggers the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, by which the blood vessels constrict and water is retained. This activity increases blood pressure and restores blood flow to the kidney

Errors are an integral part of human life. According to the National Coordinating Council for Medication Error Reporting and Prevention, a medication error is defined as "any preventable event that may cause or lead to inappropriate medication use or patient harm while the medication is in the control of the healthcare professional, patient, or consumer,”. Such events may be related to professional practice, healthcare products, procedures, and systems, including prescribing; order communication; product labeling, packaging and catalogue; compounding; dispensing; distribution; administration; education; monitoring; and use

Factors that influence urine production include Glomerular filtration Tubular reabsorption Tubular secretion. Many substances increase urine production by the normal kidney including dietary components such as water, osmotically active salts and sugars and xanthines

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are administered to patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis(RA) mainly to offer symptomatic relief (reduce inflammation and pain) hence preserve function

It’s the examination of the inside of the bladder. Ureters renoscopy ( URS)is examination of the upper urinary tract(ureter and renal pelvis and calyes. A cystoscope is a long thin optical instrument with eye piece at one end a rigid or flexible tube in the middle and the tiny lens and the light at the other end of the tube the cystoscope is inserted into patient’s urethra and the small lens magnify the inner lining of the urethra and bladder allowing to see the hollow bladder .

Facts about the heart; The heart weighs 200 to 425 grams and is a little larger than the size of your fist. Each day, the average heart beats 100,000 times, pumping about 7,571 liters of blood.

Pharmacology is the study of the biological effects of chemicals. • Pharmacognosy- is the study of medicines or crude drugs produced from natural sources such as plants, microbes, and animals • After a drug is administered, it is called a medication. • Drugs- A drug is a chemical agent capable of producing biologic responses within the body.

• A nurse who wishes to be an effective caregiver must first learn how to communicate effectively. • Good communication skills enable nurses to get to know their patients, take history, diagnose, plan and meet their needs for nursing care. • To adequately document the patient’s health history, communication techniques are important. • Communication skills are therefore the building blocks of professional relationships between nurse and client, and the nurse and co- workers. • Good skills help in exchange of ideas to facilitate problem solving.

A mother should be ready in all aspects: physically, mentally, socially, economically. Genetic testing and counselling Proper nutrition Treatment of existing diseases and conditions Prevention of unwanted pregnancies Consideration for extreme ages

If the coronary blood supply is not sufficient to meet the needs of the heart, the result may be ischemia, injury or an infarction (necrosis) of the heart muscle itself. • tHe left main coronary artery branches into; •left circumflex coronary artery •left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery. • The right coronary artery (RCA) supplies nutrients and oxygen to the right atrium, the right ventricle and the inferior wall of the left ve

Penicillins • Penicillin was the first antibiotic introduced for clinical use. • Sir Alexander Fleming used Penicillium molds to produce the original penicillin in the 1920s • Penicillins include: penicillinase-resistant penicillins:-Oxacillin, dicloxacillin, and nafcillin which are naturally resistant to certain beta-lactamases.

The health care industry, in the world, Kenya included has experienced profound changes during the past several decades. Nursing, as a health care profession and a major component of the health care delivery system, is significantly affected by shifts in the health care industry. In addition, nursing has been and will continue to be an important force in shaping the future of the health care system.

Antithyroid drugs are drugs used to lower the functional capacity of hyperactive thyroid glands, they are hormone antagonists actions upon thyroid hormones.

here are 4 primary drugs (first-line) used in the treatment (RIFAFOUR) Rifampicin (R) Isoniazid (H) Pyrazinamide (Z) Ethambutol (E)

Antiseptics and disinfectants are locally acting antimicrobial drugs. These agents are used to reduce acquisition and transmission of infection. Drugs suitable for antisepsis and disinfection cannot be used internally because of toxicity. As a rule, agents used as disinfectants are too harsh for application to living tissue

CAD involves changes in the coronary vessels that promote atheromas, which narrow the coronary arteries and decrease their elasticity and responsiveness to normal stimuli. • Angina pectoris occurs when the narrowed vessels cannot accommodate the myocardial demand for oxygen. • When a coronary vessel is completely occluded, the cells that depend on that vessel for oxygen become ischemic, then necrotic, and die (MI).

Explore comprehensive Grade 8 Rationalized mathematics Term 2 schemes of work. Elevate teaching strategies with structured lessons for effective classroom delivery.

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This course provides the student with an introduction to the basic elements of modern microeconomics. The course provides coverage of the institutional background and the history of significant microeconomic ideas and issues in Kenya and around the world. It will develop an understanding of how microeconomics relates to practical life. Students are expected to apply the knowledge in other economics units. The study employs extensive use of diagrams and mathematical expressions in the illustration of concepts.

The way you speak tells more about you than the way you dress. And of course changing one’s clothes is easier than altering your enunciation. But it is possible, with some effort, to train yourself to speak a language in a way that is not too divergent from the way native speaker do. This module is meant to help you to that end learning the English language.