University Notes
CHANGES DURING PREGNANCY
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A mother should be ready in all aspects:
physically, mentally, socially, economically.
Genetic testing and counselling
Proper nutrition
Treatment of existing diseases and conditions
Prevention of unwanted pregnancies
Consideration for extreme ages
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Cardiovascular system
If the coronary blood supply is not sufficient to meet the needs of the heart, the result may be ischemia, injury or an infarction (necrosis) of the heart muscle itself.
• tHe left main coronary artery branches into;
•left circumflex coronary artery
•left anterior descending (LAD) coronary
artery.
• The right coronary artery (RCA) supplies nutrients and oxygen to the right atrium, the right ventricle and the inferior wall of the left ve
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Beta lactam antibiotics
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Penicillins
• Penicillin was the first antibiotic introduced for clinical use.
• Sir Alexander Fleming used Penicillium molds to produce the original penicillin in the 1920s
• Penicillins include: penicillinase-resistant penicillins:-Oxacillin, dicloxacillin, and nafcillin which are naturally resistant to certain beta-lactamases.
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BASIC CONCEPTS IN MEDICAL SURGICAL NURSING PRACTICE
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The health care industry, in the world, Kenya included has experienced profound changes during the past several decades. Nursing, as a health care profession and a major component of the health care delivery system, is significantly affected by shifts in the health care industry. In addition, nursing has been and will continue to be an important force in shaping the future of the health care system.
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ANTITHYROID DRUGS
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Antithyroid drugs are drugs used to lower the functional capacity of hyperactive thyroid glands, they are hormone antagonists actions upon thyroid hormones.
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ANTI-TUBERCULAR AGENTS
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here are 4 primary drugs (first-line) used in the treatment
(RIFAFOUR)
Rifampicin (R)
Isoniazid (H)
Pyrazinamide (Z)
Ethambutol (E)
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Antiseptics and Disinfectants
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Antiseptics and disinfectants are locally acting
antimicrobial drugs. These agents are used to reduce acquisition and transmission of infection. Drugs suitable for antisepsis and disinfection cannot be used internally because of toxicity. As a rule, agents used as disinfectants are too harsh for application to living tissue
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Antianginal drugs and anticoagulants
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CAD involves changes in the coronary vessels that promote atheromas, which narrow the coronary arteries and decrease their elasticity and responsiveness to normal stimuli.
• Angina pectoris occurs when the narrowed vessels cannot accommodate the myocardial demand for oxygen.
• When a coronary vessel is completely occluded, the cells that depend on that vessel for oxygen become ischemic, then necrotic, and die (MI).
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GRADE 8 MATHEMATICS SCHEME TERM 2
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Explore comprehensive Grade 8 Rationalized mathematics Term 2 schemes of work. Elevate teaching strategies with structured lessons for effective classroom delivery.
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BAC 2116: Microeconomics FULL Notes
This course provides the student with an introduction to the basic elements of modern microeconomics. The course provides coverage of the institutional background and the history of significant microeconomic ideas and issues in Kenya and around the world. It will develop an understanding of how microeconomics relates to practical life. Students are expected to apply the knowledge in other economics units. The study employs extensive use of diagrams and mathematical expressions in the illustration of concepts.
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AEN 202: PHONOLOGY OF ENGLISH
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The way you speak tells more about you than the way you dress. And of course changing one’s clothes is easier than altering your enunciation. But it is possible, with some effort, to train yourself to speak a language in a way that is not too divergent from the way native speaker do. This module is meant to help you to that end learning the English language.
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CBC GRADE 4 CREATIVE ARTS NOTES
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Download Grade 4 Rationalised Creative Arts and Sports notes. The notes covers only one strand performance and display and should should be taught in term 2 grade 4. Get instant access via WhatsApp, email or direct download upon purchase.
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GRADE 8 KISWAHILI SCHEME TERM 2
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Enhance your Grade 8 kiswahili teaching with Term 2 Rationalized Schemes of Work. Perfect resource for teachers. Reference Book.
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ANTIRETROVIRAL AGENTS
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Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites; their replication depends primarily on synthetic processes of the host cell. Therefore, to be effective, antiviral agents must either block viral entry into or exit from the cell or be active inside the host cell.
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Anti-Protozoal Drugs
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Protozoa are a diverse group of unicellular
eukaryotic organisms, many of which are
motile.
• Parasitic protozoa are transmitted by insects or by fecal-oral route.
• In human.s protozoa mainly reside in blood or
intestine .
• Protozoa of medical importance include
plasmodium, amoeba, trypanosomes
leishmania etc
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ANTI-PARKINSONIAN DRUGS
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It is a common movement disorder that involves dysfunction in the basal ganglia and associated brain structures.
• It is a progressive neurological disorder of muscle
movement characterized by:
Tremors
Muscle rigidity
Bradykinesias =slowness in initiating and carrying out
voluntary movements.
Postural and gait abnormalities
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ANTI-MALARIAL DRUGS
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Malaria is transmitted by the bite of infected female anopheles mosquitoes. During feeding, mosquitoes inject sporozoites, which circulate to the liver, and rapidly infect hepatocytes, causing asymptomatic liver infection (hepatic phase)(absent in falciparum; malariae) . Merozoites released from the liver, rapidly infect erythrocytes to begin the asexual erythrocytic stage of infection that is responsible for human disease. Multiple rounds of erythrocytic development, with production of merozoites that invade additional erythrocytes, lead to large numbers of circulating parasites and clinical illness
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Anti-Fungal Agents
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An antifungal agent is a drug that selectively eliminates fungal pathogens from a host with minimal toxicity to the host. Fungi can be found throughout the world in all kinds of environments. Most fungi don’t cause disease in people. However, some species can infect humans and cause illness. While most fungal infections affect areas such as the skin and nails, some can lead to more serious and potentially life threatening conditions like meningitis or pneumonia. There are several types of antifungal drugs available to fight fungal infections.
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Antidiabetics
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Insulin is the hormone produced by the pancreatic beta cells of the islets of Langerhans.
• The hormone is released into circulation when the levels of glucose around these cells rise
• Insulin is released from pancreatic beta cells at a low basal rate and at a much higher stimulated rate in response to a variety of stimuli, especially glucose.
• The liver and kidney are the two main organs that remove insulin from the circulation
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