Rational use of medications in neonates depends on an appreciation of the physiologic immaturity and developmental maturation that influence neonatal drug disposition. Have altered body composition, weight, size and physiologic parameters.

Inflammation is mediated by prostaglandins • The treatment of inflammation involves two primary goals: First, the relief of symptoms and the maintenance of function; and second, the slowing or arrest of the tissue-damaging process. • Salicylates and other similar agents share the capacity to suppress the signs and symptoms of inflammation. • They also exert antipyretic and analgesic effects.

Anti-infective agents are drugs designed to target foreign organisms that have invaded and infected the body of a human host. The goal of anti-infective agents is to interfere with the normal function of the invading organism to prevent it from reproducing and to cause cell death without affecting host cells

All cancers start with a single cell that is genetically different (mutated). This cell divides, eventually producing a tumor or neoplasm that has characteristics quite different from those of the original tissue. • Cancer cells lose their normal function (anaplasia), develop characteristics that allow them to grow in an uninhibited way (autonomy), and have the ability to travel to other sites in the body that are conducive to their growth (metastasis).

Insulin is the hormone produced by the pancreatic beta cells of the islets of Langerhans. • The hormone is released into circulation when the levels of glucose around these cells rise • Insulin is released from pancreatic beta cells at a low basal rate and at a much higher stimulated rate in response to a variety of stimuli, especially glucose. • The liver and kidney are the two main organs that remove insulin from the circulation

An antifungal agent is a drug that selectively eliminates fungal pathogens from a host with minimal toxicity to the host. Fungi can be found throughout the world in all kinds of environments. Most fungi don’t cause disease in people. However, some species can infect humans and cause illness. While most fungal infections affect areas such as the skin and nails, some can lead to more serious and potentially life threatening conditions like meningitis or pneumonia. There are several types of antifungal drugs available to fight fungal infections.

Malaria is transmitted by the bite of infected female anopheles mosquitoes. During feeding, mosquitoes inject sporozoites, which circulate to the liver, and rapidly infect hepatocytes, causing asymptomatic liver infection (hepatic phase)(absent in falciparum; malariae) . Merozoites released from the liver, rapidly infect erythrocytes to begin the asexual erythrocytic stage of infection that is responsible for human disease. Multiple rounds of erythrocytic development, with production of merozoites that invade additional erythrocytes, lead to large numbers of circulating parasites and clinical illness

It is a common movement disorder that involves dysfunction in the basal ganglia and associated brain structures. • It is a progressive neurological disorder of muscle movement characterized by: Tremors Muscle rigidity Bradykinesias =slowness in initiating and carrying out voluntary movements. Postural and gait abnormalities

Protozoa are a diverse group of unicellular eukaryotic organisms, many of which are motile. • Parasitic protozoa are transmitted by insects or by fecal-oral route. • In human.s protozoa mainly reside in blood or intestine . • Protozoa of medical importance include plasmodium, amoeba, trypanosomes leishmania etc

Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites; their replication depends primarily on synthetic processes of the host cell. Therefore, to be effective, antiviral agents must either block viral entry into or exit from the cell or be active inside the host cell.

Computer literacy as defined by Webopedia is: The level of expertise and familiarity someone has with computers. Computer literacy generally refers to the ability to use applications rather than to program.

THE MEDIASTINUM is the Region of the thoracic cavity, between the two lungs Extents of the mediastinum: Sternum to the thoracic spine Thoracic inlet to the thoracic diaphragm

Essential Newborn Care(ENC) is care that every newborn baby needs regardless of where it is born or its size. ENC should be applied immediately after the baby is born and continued for at least the first 7 days after birth.

FUNCTIONS OF EPITHELIUM 1.Protective functions 2.Absorptive functions 3.Secretory functions 4.Sensory functions

The terms cholangiocarcinoma and bile duct cancer are often used interchangeably. Primary biliary tract malignancies affect one in every 100,000 people per year in the United States. More than 95% of these malignancies are cholangiocarcinomas (epithelial adenocarcinomas ) frequently found in the extrahepatic biliary tree. This form of cancer is slightly more prevalent in males than females (1.3:1.0) and usually affects patients in the fifth to seventh decade of life

The integumentary system is the body's outer layer, made up of skin, hair, nails, and glands and nerves. It protects the body from injury, infection, bacteria, and sunlight, and helps regulate body temperature. The integumentary system also allows you to feel sensations like hot and cold.

The endocrine system is a network of glands that produce and release hormones into the bloodstream to regulate and target organs throughout the body. The hypothalamus is the neural control center for the endocrine system in vertebrates.

Precipitate Labor • Refers to a delivery which results after an unusually rapid labour (less than three hours) and culminates in the rapid, spontaneous expulsion of the foetus. Delivery often occurs without the benefit of asepsis. Predisposing factors • A multipara with relaxed pelvic or perineal floor muscles may have anextremely short period of expulsion. • A multipara with unusually strong, forceful contractions. Two to three powerful contractions may cause the baby to appear with considerable rapidity. • Inadequate warning of imminent birth due to absence of painful sensations during labor.

The abdominal wall is made up of multiple layers of muscles and fascia that protect the body's organs and provide stability to the trunk. Some abdominal regions and muscles include: Rectus abdominis A muscle surrounded by the rectus sheath, which is made up of fibers from the three lateral abdominal wall muscles.

FUNCTIONS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 1. Delivery of water and nutrients to the body 2. Endocrine functions 3. Excretion of waste (via the biliary system) 4. Immunologic functions