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Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites; their replication depends primarily on synthetic processes of the host cell. Therefore, to be effective, antiviral agents must either block viral entry into or exit from the cell or be active inside the host cell.

Protozoa are a diverse group of unicellular eukaryotic organisms, many of which are motile. • Parasitic protozoa are transmitted by insects or by fecal-oral route. • In human.s protozoa mainly reside in blood or intestine . • Protozoa of medical importance include plasmodium, amoeba, trypanosomes leishmania etc

It is a common movement disorder that involves dysfunction in the basal ganglia and associated brain structures. • It is a progressive neurological disorder of muscle movement characterized by: Tremors Muscle rigidity Bradykinesias =slowness in initiating and carrying out voluntary movements. Postural and gait abnormalities

Malaria is transmitted by the bite of infected female anopheles mosquitoes. During feeding, mosquitoes inject sporozoites, which circulate to the liver, and rapidly infect hepatocytes, causing asymptomatic liver infection (hepatic phase)(absent in falciparum; malariae) . Merozoites released from the liver, rapidly infect erythrocytes to begin the asexual erythrocytic stage of infection that is responsible for human disease. Multiple rounds of erythrocytic development, with production of merozoites that invade additional erythrocytes, lead to large numbers of circulating parasites and clinical illness

An antifungal agent is a drug that selectively eliminates fungal pathogens from a host with minimal toxicity to the host. Fungi can be found throughout the world in all kinds of environments. Most fungi don’t cause disease in people. However, some species can infect humans and cause illness. While most fungal infections affect areas such as the skin and nails, some can lead to more serious and potentially life threatening conditions like meningitis or pneumonia. There are several types of antifungal drugs available to fight fungal infections.

Insulin is the hormone produced by the pancreatic beta cells of the islets of Langerhans. • The hormone is released into circulation when the levels of glucose around these cells rise • Insulin is released from pancreatic beta cells at a low basal rate and at a much higher stimulated rate in response to a variety of stimuli, especially glucose. • The liver and kidney are the two main organs that remove insulin from the circulation

All cancers start with a single cell that is genetically different (mutated). This cell divides, eventually producing a tumor or neoplasm that has characteristics quite different from those of the original tissue. • Cancer cells lose their normal function (anaplasia), develop characteristics that allow them to grow in an uninhibited way (autonomy), and have the ability to travel to other sites in the body that are conducive to their growth (metastasis).

Anti-infective agents are drugs designed to target foreign organisms that have invaded and infected the body of a human host. The goal of anti-infective agents is to interfere with the normal function of the invading organism to prevent it from reproducing and to cause cell death without affecting host cells

Inflammation is mediated by prostaglandins • The treatment of inflammation involves two primary goals: First, the relief of symptoms and the maintenance of function; and second, the slowing or arrest of the tissue-damaging process. • Salicylates and other similar agents share the capacity to suppress the signs and symptoms of inflammation. • They also exert antipyretic and analgesic effects.

Rational use of medications in neonates depends on an appreciation of the physiologic immaturity and developmental maturation that influence neonatal drug disposition. Have altered body composition, weight, size and physiologic parameters.

INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF NEWBORN AND CHILDHOOD ILLNESS INTRODUCTION(IMNCI ) • A systematic approach with interventions that focuses on the health, growth and development of children under five years of àge • Indicates strategies that were developed by UNICEF, WHO, and MOH to reduce preventable disability, mortality and morbidity rates in children under five years of age. • Strategies include preventable measures on the part of families and communities as well as curative actions to be taken by health workers and health facilities

Domiciliary Care It’s the care given to a pregnant woman by a midwife at her home environment, embracing prenatal, Intranatal and postpartum management.

Definition: This describes the Impaction of the anterior shoulder against the symphysis pubis after delivery of the fetal head. Shoulder dystocia is said to have occurred when there is: • Failure of the shoulders to rotate spontaneously into anterior, posterior diameter of the pelvis outlet after delivery of the head • The anterior shoulder becomes trapped behind or on the symphysis pubis while the posterior shoulder may be in the hollow of the sacrum or high above the sacral promontory

Gastric or stomach cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the lining of the stomach. Gastric cancer is the fifth most frequently diagnosed cancer and the third leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. (Globocan 2018,Babiker,2021)

Disorders of the digestive system have serious consequences for the activity of the organism as a whole congenital malformations traumatic processes inflammatory processes neoplastic processes infectious processes Digestive system communicates with the external environment through the intake of fluids and food. Common git disorders • Motor dysfunction of smooth muscle of the individual parts of the digestive system • Indigestion of food and absorption of nutrients - malabsorption syndrome • Bleeding into the individual parts of the digestive tract • Perforation of the wall of the digestive system with subsequent leakage of the contents to the peritoneal cavity • Obstruction in moving of the contents of one part of the digestive system to the next section • Circulation disorders in the wall of the individual parts of the digestive system

The Digestive System Consists of ; a) Long hollow muscular tube or canal or tract called gastrointestinal tract or (GIT): • it is about 5 meters long b) Accessory glands: include: • Salivary glands • Liver and gall bladder • Pancreas

Tumors of the heart are rare; most (75% to 88%) are benign (Braunwald et al., 2001; Kamiya et al., 2001). • Primary tumors occur in less than 1% of the population; metastatic tumors have been • reported in 1.5% to 35% of oncology patients (Braunwald et al., 2001; Reynan, 1996; Shapiro, 2001). • Tumors may be sites for thrombus formation and therefore create a risk of embolism. • Dysrhythmias may occur as the myocardium or conduction system is affected. PRIMARY CARDIAC TUMOURS BENIGN 1. Myxoma 2. Papillary fibroelastoma 3. Fibroma 4. Lipoma 5. Rhabdomyomas 1. MYXOMA • Myxoma is a noncancerous tumor that arises from connective tissue, which is tissue that connects and supports other tissues all over the body. • Show familial pattern of tumor development based on autosomal dominant inheritance. • Mostly occur after trauma or even surgery i.e atrial septal defects, valve repairs. • Present with signs of right ventricle failure

altered level of consciousness is defined as a condition of being less responsive to and aware of environmental stimuli. • LOC is gauged on a continuum with a normal state of alertness and full cognition(consciousness) on one end and coma on the other end.