Microbiology is defined as the study of living organisms of microscopic size. The term was introduced by the French chemist Louis Pasteur, whose demonstration that fermentation was caused by the growth of bacteria and yeasts (1857-60) provided a main impetus for the development of the science.

By the end of the module the learner should: Apply concept in microbiology for diagnosis and management of patient suffering from disease and apply principles on immunology in management of patient/client.

This manual is compiled to provide detailed information on the essential tools and technologies designed to support the miraculous journey of pregnancy and childbirth. The field of maternal healthcare has seen remarkable advancements over the years, and with these developments come the need for clear guidance on the operation, maintenance, and benefits of the specialized equipment that plays a crucial role in ensuring the safety and comfort of both mother and child.

What is nutrition counselling? Nutrition counselling is a two-way interaction through which a client and a trained counsellor interpret the results of nutrition assessment, identify individual nutrition needs and goals, discuss ways to meet those goals, and agree on next steps. Nutrition counselling aims to help clients understand important information about their health and focuses on practical actions to address nutrition needs, as well as the benefits of behavior change. Nutrition counsellors may be nurses or other facility based providers or community health workers or volunteers.

Safety : overall quality of food fit for consumption. • Sanitation : a state of being clean and conducive to health. • Cleanliness :is the absence of visible dirt and is not necessarily sanitized. • Microorganisms :organism of microscopic or submicroscopic size. (bacterium , protozoan). • Food borne illness: A disease caused by consuming contaminated food or drink. e.g botulism, salmonellosis

Communicable and non-communicable diseases module is designed to equip the learner with knowledge, skills and attitude to enable them manage and counsel the patients on communicable and non-communicable disease. The prerequisite modules include; Human anatomy and physiology, HIV & AIDS, Principles of human nutrition, Introduction to Microbiology . The module takes 60 contact hours: 26 hours for theory and 34 hours for practicals. Learners undertaking this module will have both theory and practical assessments. The formative assessment will be in the form of continuous assessment tests, assignments, clinical and field assessments and promotional examination whereas summative assessment will be done in form of final qualifying examination.

Surveillance: It refers to the act of carefully watching someone or something especially in order to prevent or detect an occurrence of a given situation. It can also be defined as a continuous observation of a place, person, group, or ongoing activity in order to gather information:

Microbiology- It is the study of microorganisms Microorganisms- They is living entities of microscopic size and include bacteria, viruses, yeast, algae & protozoa, mound (fungi) Parasitology- It is the study of parasites, their host and relationship between them Prokaryote- they are unicellular organisms that lack a membrane bound nucleus mitochondria or any other membrane bound organelle.

Definitions of terms: food, health, nutrition, nutrients, nutritional status, nutritional care, malnutrition, catabolism, anabolism, metabolism, good nutrition and food choices. Food What does food means to you? Food-menu -diet-hunger-nutrition-malnutrition. What images do these words bring to your mind? Are they oriented to your senses? To your social enjoyment? To your concerns about your own well-being? To your emotions? Do they raise questions about the quality of life for your fellow human beings? When you sit down to your next meal you will have definite ideas-positive or negative--about that meal and the specific foods that are served to you. By your eyes you will delight in the texture variations and colour combinations of the food, the artistic touch of a garnish, and the beautiful table arrangements; or perhaps you may be repelled because the food lacks colour and is carelessly served.

Pharmacology is a medical science that forms a backbone of the medical profession as drugs form the corner stone of therapy in human diseases. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to describe the pharmacological basis of therapeutics in order to maximize the benefits and minimize the risks of drugs to recipients. This lecture note on pharmacology is primarily a note for undergraduate health science students such as health officer, nursing, midwifery and laboratory technology students. However, other health professionals whose career involves drug therapy or related aspects should also find much of the material relevant.

The module is designed to equip the learner with the necessary knowledge, skills, and attitude to effectively and efficiently manage health records.

To find the Median, place the numbers you are given in value order and find the middle number. Example: find the Median of {13, 23, 11, 16, 15, 10, 26}. Put them in order: {10, 11, 13, 15, 16, 23, 26} The middle number is 15, so the median is 15. (If there are two middle numbers, you average them.)

Donald P. Grane defines personal management as the process of supporting the accomplishment of the organizational objectives by continually acquiring human resources, integrating employees potential and maintaining the work force.

Psychosocial support is a type of intervention that focuses on providing emotional and social support to individuals who have experienced traumatic events, such as natural disasters, violence, or loss of a loved one. It aims to help individuals cope with the psychological impact of such events and to promote their overall well-being.

Acquire knowledge of the drug laws in Kenya and be able to apply them in regard to their dosages, actions, indications, contra-indications, side effects, storage, custody, prescribing and/or administration as well as recording.

UNIT 1.0 CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF HEALTH PROMOTION 1.1 Introduction In this section, we shall examine the concept and principles of health promotion to serve as a foundation to what follows in the course. Principally, we shall review the historical background of health promotion, define terms related to health promotion and discuss the aims and core values of health promotion. 1.2 Objectives of the Unit At the end of this topic, you should be able to: a) Define terms related to health promotion b) State the Aims and core values of Health promotion c) Discuss the historical background of health promotion 1.3 Introduction to Health Promotion The term health promotion (HP) refers to a broad social and political process that includes both actions intended to improve people's abilities and skills and actions intended to alter social, environmental, and economic conditions in order to lessen their negative effects on both public and individual health. The purpose of HP practice is to create and sustain environments that enable individuals to make healthy decisions and promote social contexts that support healthy behaviors.

Download full notes on health management system for your course . ADMINISTRATION: It is a combination of labour in the form of clerical duties with the capital for environment, equipment in proper proportion which if properly controlled achieves the purpose intended in the most efficient way. STRATEGY: This is a plan of action designed to achieve a particular goal. Tactics. ETHICS: Ethics also known as moral philosophy is a branch of philosophy which seeks to address questions about morality; that is about such concepts as good and bad, right and wrong, justice and virtue. Major branches of ethics include: Meta-ethics, about theoretical meaning and reference of moral propositions and how their truth value [if any] may be determined; Normative ethics, about the practical means of determining a moral course of action; Applied ethics, about how moral out-comes can be achieved in specific situations; Moral Psychology, about how moral capacity or moral agency develops and what its nature is; and Descriptive ethics, about what moral values people actually abide with. Within each of these branches are many different schools of thought and still further sub-fields of study.

It is an Autosomal recessive inborn error of metabolism found on the twelfth chromosome Causing an inherited metabolic disease that passes through families. It is rare condition characterized by the deficiency in the enzyme (Phenylalanine Hydroxylase). Normally: phenylalanine tyrosine by liver enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH)

Health, according to the WHO, is "a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity. • A health management system, also sometimes referred to as health care system is an organization of people, institutions, and resources that deliver health care services to meet the health needs of target populations. • Leader, an individual who is able to influence and inspire a group or organisational members to help the group or organisation achieve its goals • Leadership is a process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal. Leadership is a function of knowing yourself, having a vision that is well communicated, building trust among colleagues and taking effective action to realise your own leadership potential. • Health systems cannot be strengthened without good management and leadership. Leadership and management skills are therefore essential at all levels of the health system. Health managers should also embrace leadership and management practices that will lead to improved health outcomes. • Administration-mainly involves interpreting and implementing narrow rules or specific rules regulation and policies of an organisation.

Download full notes for communicable diseases for your studies . Majority of diseases in Africa are communicable and remain a major health problem • Communicable diseases are of clinical and public health importance because; –They are common –Some cause severe disease, disability and death –Some cause widespread outbreaks – Most of them are preventable by simple measures – Many are particularly serious and common in infants and children