Skeletal animation is a technique in computer animation in which a character is represented in two parts: a surface representation used to draw the character (called skin or mesh) and a hierarchical set of interconnected bones (called the skeleton or rig) used to animate (pose and keyframe) the mesh. While this technique is often used to animate humans or more generally for organic modeling, it only serves to make the animation process more intuitive and the same technique can be used to control the deformation of any object — a door, a spoon, a building, or a galaxy. This technique is used in virtually all animation systems where simplified user interfaces allows animators to control often complex algorithms and a huge amount of geometry; most notably through inverse kinematics and other "goaloriented" techniques. In principle, however, the intention of the technique is never to imitate real anatomy or physical processes, but only to control the deformation of the mesh data.

A joint is a point at which parts of an artificial structure are joined. when developing animated characters one needs to define the type of joints that will be used to combine multiple segments of the character e.g hand to shoulder. this is due to the fact that inorder to create a more realistic monevent of the character or oblect the siolidity principle must be adhered to and the sence of overlapping and irregular movements of the character must be avoided,

Skinning is the process of attaching a renderable skin to an underlying articulated skeleton. There are several approaches to skinning with varying degrees of realism and complexity. Our main focus will be on the smooth skinning algorithm, which is both fast and reasonably effective, and has been used extensively in real time and pre-rendered animation. The smooth skinning algorithm goes by many other names in the literature, such as blended skinning, multimatrix skinning, linear blend skinning, skeletal subspace deformation (SSD), and sometimes just skinning. This chapter will explain the smooth skinning algorithm in detail and provide additional information about the offline creation and binding process. Binding refers to the initial attachment of the skin to the underlying skeleton and assigning any necessary information to the vertices. Smooth skinning, while fast and straightforward, does have its limitations, and so alternative techniques are also briefly introduced and referenced, including a variety of deformation techniques and some more elaborate anatomically based approaches that simulate muscle and skin deformations

Generalized coordinates In analytical mechanics, specifically the study of the rigid body dynamics of multibody systems, the term generalized coordinates refers to the parameters that describe the configuration of the system relative to some reference configuration. Example is a vector to specify the posture of the body q=(q1 ,q2 ,q3 ,q4 ,q5 , q6 , q7 ,... ,qn) Usually, the first three numbers: location of the root the next three numbers: orientation of root The rest: the joint angles of the body

Facial Anination deals with the simulation of the different facial expresions a character can make. Inorder to simulate conversation, visible emotional expressions(e.g Saddness, Happines), we need to understand the different mechanisims and muscle structures that the face uses to accurately represent the emotion / visemes. generally the facial expressions and visemes in animation relies on three different appoaches: • Muscle-based models • Capture real human data • Expression Cloning

Data based facial animation The generation of facial animation data can be approached in different ways: 1. marker-based motion capture on points or marks on the face of a performer 2. markerless motion capture techniques using different type of cameras 3. audio-driven techniques 4. key frame animation

There are three methods • Create them manually • Use real human / animal motions • Use physically based simulation Using Real Human (Animal) Motion • Real human (animal) motion is realistic • Much faster and cheaper than manually producing the data We use the motion capture device (Mocap) • There are four major types of Mocaps – Optical – Magnetic – Inertial trackers

Motion tracking or motion capture started as a photogrammetric analysis tool in biomechanics research in the 1970s and 1980s, and expanded into education, training, sports and recently computer animation for television, cinema, and video games as the technology matured. A performer wears markers near each joint to identify the motion by the positions or angles between the markers. Acoustic, inertial, LED, magnetic or reflective markers, or combinations of any of these, are tracked, optimally at least two times the frequency rate of the desired motion, to submillimeter positions. The resolution of the system is important in both the spatial resolution and temporal resolution as motion blur causes almost the same problems as low resolution.

The purpose of this simplified labour law class notes is to enable the student to pass his or her labour law exam paper with ease.

Family law may refer to law that govern a man and a woman who share common household.

Family refer to a man and a woman sharing common household

Company law refers to the laws that govern the formation and winding up of a company under certain company's act.

the purpose of this criminal law notes is to equip the student with knowledge of how to deal with crime offences.

A basic assumption is multiple linear regression model is that the rank of the matrix of observations on explanatory variables is the same as the number of explanatory variables. In other words, such a matrix is of full column rank. This, in turn, implies that all the explanatory variables are independent, i.e., there is no linear relationship among the explanatory variables. It is termed that the explanatory variables are orthogonal.

For the purpose of this course, communication and collaboration shall be discussed in the context of using digital technologies to communicate and collaborate.

Co-operation simply means working together for a common purpose. This is a joint effort to help one another so as to accomplish certain tasks that would benefit members of the group.

Psychology comes from two Greeks words; psych meaning mind and care and logos meaning the study of a subject. Psychology is the study of behavior and mental processes. Behavior is anything that can be observed when something is stimulated.

The course aims at providing the learner with knowledge, skills and attitude on psychology with emphasis on factors that determine human behavior.

These notes have been designed to aid you with your first aid training. It is, however, not a substitute for hands on training from a professional first aid trainer, but a reference for you to look back on when you need to.

Digital journalism, also known as netizen journalism or online journalism, is a contemporary form of journalism where editorial content is distributed via the Internet, as opposed to publishing via print or broadcast.