Enzymes Enzymes are biocatalysts the catalysts of life. A catalyst is defined as a substance that increases the velocity or rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any change in the overall process. Enzymes may be defined as biocatalysts synthesized by living cells. Their basic properties include, They are protein in nature (exception - RNA acting as ribozyme), colloidal and thermolabile in character, and specific in their action. In the laboratory, hydrolysis of proteins by a strong acid at 100oC takes at least a couple of days. The same protein is fully digested by the enzymes in gastrointestinal tract at body temperature (37oC) within a couple of hours. This remarkable difference in the chemical reactions taking place in the living system is exclusively due to enzymes. The very existence of life is unimaginable without the presence of enzymes. Enzymes catalyse a specific substance called a substrate. Role of enzymes in biochemical reactions Enzymes are biological catalysts that increase the rate or velocity, v, of many physiologic reactions yet are not used up in the reaction and are synthesized by living cells. Enzymes are specialized proteins found and produced by living cells and act as biological catalysts a. In the absence of enzymes, most reactions in the body would proceed so slowly that life would be impossible. Some chemical reactions are only possible by enzymes. C. A deficiency in enzyme activity can cause disease. a. Inherited absence or mutations in enzymes involved in critical metabolic pathways e.g. the urea cycle or glycogen metabolism are referred to as inborn errors of metabolism. If not detected soon after birth, these conditions can lead to serious metabolic derangements in infants and even death. b. An enzyme deficiency can produce a deficiency of the product of the reaction it catalyzes, which may inhibit other reactions that depend on availability of that product. c. Accumulation of the substrate or metabolic byproducts of the substrate due to an enzyme deficiency can have profound physiologic consequences. d. Most inborn errors of metabolism manifest after birth because the exchange of metabolites between mother and fetus provides for fetal metabolic needs in utero. e. Therapeutic strategies for enzyme deficiency diseases include dietary modification and potential gene therapy or direct enzyme replacement

This is notes for first years sem 1 notes. They are very elaborative and wide based notes on matters of BOTANY.

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The goal is for students to communicate engineering designs accurately through pictures since drawings are more effective than words alone. Precision and standardization are important for manufacturing.

COMPREHENSIVE NOTES

To help learners understand and appreciate the importance of economics national activities

To expose students to cooperative and microfinance activities

A complete handbook on WIPO's IP policy, law and use guidelines.

A full dive-in for an understanding of criminal litigation practice and procedure.

Summary of concepts in cellular basis of life

Comprehensive notes on fundamentals of entomology.

Complete lecture notes on viruses under viral genetics.

Helps a student understand the infection occurring in a patient

Designed to provide the country with high level power in geospatial information science

This course aims at introducing the learner to all groups of plants to be studied during the whole of the Bachelors course. The major morphological; identification features and the life cycles are covered from all the major plant groups.

In this introductory lecture, I shall first introduce you to the definition of the term psychology, after which I will focus on the psychological perspectives that are currently used in the study of behavior and mental processes

The current space explorations seem to suggest that life exist in other planets. The sun, the earth, and the other planets belong to the solar system that occurs towards the outer edge of the Milky Way. The Milky Way is just one of the over 10 billion galaxies. A galaxy is any of the large star systems held together by gravitational pull. A Milky Way is a defuse band of light stretching across our sky with millions of faint stars and is visible on clear nights