Once an insect hatches from the egg it is usually able to survive on its own, but it is small, wingless, and sexually immature. Its primary role in life is to eat and grow. If it survives, it will periodically outgrow and replace its exoskeleton (a process known as moulting). • In many species, there are other physical changes that also occur as the insect gets older (e.g., growth of wings and development of external genitalia)

Five classes of Uniramia are recognized: 1. Class Diplopoda (millipedes) 2. Class Chilopoda (centipedes) 3. Class Symphyla (sympylids) 4. Class Pauropoda (pauropods) 5. Class Insecta (insects) Centipedes, millipedes, symphylids and pauropods are collectively called myriapodous arthropods (Myriapods). All have long trunks with many segments and appendages, most of which are walking legs.

Insect Hormones • A hormone is a chemical signal sent from cells in one part of an organism to cells in another part (or parts) of the same individual. They are often regarded as chemical messengers. • Typically produced in very small quantities, but cause profound changes in their target cells • Their effect may be stimulatory or inhibitory • In some cases, a single hormone may have multiple targets and cause different effects in each target • Examples of processes controlled by hormones include moulting, metamorphosis, oocyte development (vitellogenesis), colour change and diurnal rhythms of activity

An amazing variety of life exists in the soil ecosystem -from microscopic mites to small mammals. • Most of the soil biota have barely been studied • Soil arthropods and soil fungi - two of the largest groups in the soil have received more attention • Importance of this below-ground ecosystem and its biodiversity is just beginning to be appreciated • Soil ecosystem is very much alive, dynamic and incredibly complex

Trends in human population growth: • Population has grown from an estimated 1 billion in 1800 to about 8 billion in 2022 • Annual global human population growth is estimated at 83 million (about 1.1percent ) • It is expected to rise to about 11.2 billion by the year 2100.

Surveying is defined as taking a general view of, by observation and measurement determining the boundaries, size, position, quantity, condition, value etc. of land, estates, building, farms mines etc. and finally presenting the survey data in a suitable form. This covers the work of the valuation surveyor, the quantity surveyor, the building surveyor, the mining surveyor and so forth, as well as the land surveyor. • Another school of thought define surveying as the act of making measurement of the relative position of natural and manmade features on earths surface and the presentation of this information either graphically or numerically.

The mammalian body is made of essentially non-living matter that is constituted and organized into forms that can contain and maintain life. The matter is in form of chemical compounds known as the chemicals of life. A description of these chemicals constitutes what is known as the chemical basis of life. There are two classes of chemical compounds in the mammalian body namely: a) Organic compounds. These are compounds that contain the element carbon covalently bound to other elements especially hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. b) Inorganic compounds. These are various types of salts/electrolytes in the body. Organic compounds There are four main classes of organic compounds in the body and these are referred to as macromolecules or biomolecules. They are: Carbohydrates. These are energy rich compounds that are readily broken down to release energy that runs the body’s life processes. They are also known as the biological fuel molecules. Carbohydrates are made of the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and are simply abbreviated as CHO. Carbohydrates are synthesized by plants through the process of photosynthesis. Animals acquire carbohydrates by feeding on plants. There are two subdivisions of carbohydrates in the body depending on complexity as explained below: a) Sugars Sugars are small carbohydrate molecules found in the diets and in the bodies of animals. Sugars are also known as saccharides. Some saccharides consist of a single sugar molecule and are known as monosaccharides. The most common and well known monosaccharide in the mammalian body is glucose. A few saccharides consist of two sugar units joined together and are known as disaccharides or double sugars. Examples of disaccharides in mammalian diets are sucrose (cane sugar), lactose (milk sugar) and maltose (a breakdown product of starch). b) Polysaccharides -These are large carbohydrate molecules consisting of large numbers of sugar molecules joined together. Examples of polysaccharides in animal diets are starch, glycogen and cellulose.

Promotion is conducted by persons who come up with the idea to form a company. A promoter is the person who conceives the idea of forming a company and who undertakes, does and goes through all the formalities and incidental preliminaries of incorporation. Legal position of the promoters A promoter is not an agent of the company during formation because the principal (company) does not legally exist. A promoter is not a trustee of the company during formation because the beneficiary doesn’t exist. Promoters are fiduciaries of the company with regard to formation. They have on their hands the creation and molding of the company. This is an equitable relationship based on trust, confidence and good faith. It imposes upon the promoter certain equitable or fiduciary obligations.

Elements of costs is a statement that is a presentation of costs data in form of a statement. It shows cost incurred under appropriate headings e.g: manufacturing using company we shall have: Direct materials + Direct expenses + Direct labour = Prime cost. Prime cost + Factory overheads (Production overheads) = Production costs. Production costs + Administrative overheads + Selling overheads + Distribution overheads = Total costs. Total costs + Profit = Selling price.

service costing is the process of identifying all costs associated with building, supporting, and delivering your service. Examples of service cost components include equipment, staff labor, professional fees, software, license fees, and data center charges, to name just a few.

This is charging of overhead to cost units. After determining the overhead of a cost centre these overheads are charged to cost unit. It means that the total overheads of a cost centre are distributed to all cost units produced by the cost centre.

Integration: reduction formulae, applications to arc length, plane and surface area, volume, mass centre and moments of inertia in Cartesian and polar co-ordinates. Improper integrals and their convergence. Integration as the limit of a sum including pincer method for evaluation of simple integrals. Double integrals including change of order of integration and change of variable.

The first chapter of the notes will tell you a bit about what this subject involves, and then will go over material that you should be familliar with: sets, relations, functions; equivalence relations; matrices and polynomials; and permutations.

Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe and occurs commonly in compounds on Earth. It has three isotopes, with tritium being radioactive. Hydrogen is prepared on a large scale through electrolysis of water or from natural gas and coal.

The aim of this course is to enable the student to; understand the laws of calculus, understand the various methods of differentiation and integration and apply calculus to engineering problems involving Kinematics.

PROTOZOA: Kingdom protista are Microscopic, eukaryotic unicellular animal-like organisms-. They are regarded as the most primitive animals that live in moist environment.

This course offers an in-depth examination and analysis of drama. Drama as a genre of literature has unique characteristics that have come about in response to its peculiar nature. Since drama thrives in action and is presented in dialogue, it is really difficult to separate it from performance because during the stage performance of a play, drama brings life experiences realistically to the audience.

The color purple is a literary text full of women's struggles in the societyand is recommended for university literature studies when examining the place of women in the society outlining the challenges they go through in a male dominated world.

Economic Growth Economic growth and economic development are generally not one and the same thing but most people use the terms interchangeably. What is economic growth and how is it different from economic development? Economic growth means increase in per capita income or sustained increase in a country's output of goods and services. Kenya’s Growth Performance Kenya’s economic growth has followed an oscillating pattern since independence in 1963 as shown in Figure 1. In 1964, the economy took an upward trajectory up to 1972 when the growth took a nosedive but started rising again in 1975. Following two decades of stagnation in per capita income and high volatility of economic activity, Kenya’s economy moved to a path of accelerating growth after 2002 when a new government was sworn in. The rate of economic growth increased steadily from below 1percent in 2002 to 7percent in 2007. Following the December 2007 elections, the country was hit by post election violence in January 2008 followed by global financial crisis in 2008/2009 and this negatively impacted the rate of economic growth as shown in Figure 1.

Economics is the study of how we make choices in the face of scarcity and how those choices motivate behavior.