GENERAL APPLICATION OF ICT ICT Application in Everyday Life ICT is an acronym for Information Communication Technology. It covers all forms of computer and communication equipment and software used to create, design, store, transmit, interpret and manipulate information in its various formats. Examples of ICT TOOLS are laptops, tablets, network technologies, mobile phones and so on as well as the various services and applications associated with them such as video conferencing, telecomputing and so on. ICT APPLICATIONS E-LEARNING: ICT can contribute to achieving universal education worldwide, through the delivery of education and training of teachers and offering improved conditions for long life learning, encompassing people that are outside the formal education process and improving professional skills. Benefits • Develop domestic policies to ensure that ICTs are fully integrated in education and training at all levels. • Promote e-literacy skills for all, for example by taking advantage of existing facilities such as libraries and so on. • Develop distance learning, training and other forms of education as part of capacity building programmes. • Help to train users to develop self-learning and self-development capacities. E-BUSINESS • Better Customer Service: E-business has improved customer service. Many a time on visiting a website, the customer is greeted by a pop-up chat window. Readily available customer service may help in encouraging the customer to know about the product or services. • Reduces Transaction Cost: Websites are sufficiently loaded with directions to facilitate stress free transactions. The mode of payments is predetermined, promising security to the customer. All you are left with, as the proprietor of your online business, is to download the requirement order and ship it. • Flexible Business Hours: E-business breaks down the time barriers that locationbased businesses encounter, because the internet is available 24hrs a day.

Entrepreneurial Finance consists of knowing how to identify, develop and implement the appropriate financial strategies required to create and operate a new venture or significantly expand an existing enterprise. While Entrepreneurial Finance is useful primarily to new venture decision makers, it can be applied by an enterprising person or group that seeks to comprehend the financial implications of some action they are considering. Entrepreneurial Finance is not Corporate Finance. Corporate finance is taught in most business schools, but it is largely irrelevant to most entrepreneurs.

An entrepreneur is an individual who identifies business opportunities, takes calculated risks, and organizes resources to turn innovative ideas into successful ventures. Entrepreneurs are characterized by their ability to innovate, adapt to change, and assume responsibility for the outcomes of their ventures. Business Person Definition: A business person is a professional involved in various aspects of business activities, which may include planning, organizing, directing, and controlling resources to achieve organizational goals. Unlike entrepreneurs, business persons may focus on established enterprises and managerial roles. 1.2 Differentiating Between Entrepreneurial Ventures and Business Ventures Entrepreneurial Ventures: These are ventures initiated by entrepreneurs, emphasizing innovation, risk taking, and the pursuit of new opportunities. Entrepreneurial ventures often involve creating something new, disrupting existing markets, and pushing the boundaries of traditional business. Business Ventures: Business ventures refer to a broader category that includes both entrepreneurial and more established business activities. While entrepreneurial ventures are a subset of business ventures, the latter encompasses a wider range of business activities, including those driven by stability and continuity.

Food and Beverage Services is related to all the activities pertaining to preparing for service and serving food and beverages. This tutorial introduces you to various types of services, table settings, various equipment used in service, types of menus, types of service operations, food garnishes and accompaniments, and various standard operating procedures followed by food and beverage service business.

Social computing and informatics brings together people, technology, information and innovation. People, organizations, industries and communities interact, connect and collaborate in social context. Digital systems support online research, education, health, communication and entertainment. Organizations harness the power of social computing and informatics to enhance business transactions and boost reputation. Amazon applies social computing to engage and captivate customers, boasting impressive 27.8 million Facebook page likes and 2.7 million followers. Amazon promptly and directly responds to the customers on Facebook, swiftly addressing all comments and ensuring that clients are well satisfied with the services. Due to comprehensive collection of feedback and reviews from the previous customers, effectively demonstrating the excellence of its products and services, most people trust Amazon. Hence, without digital systems and connections to the Internet nothing can be achieved. Bachelor of Information Science (BIS) level four or fourth year consists of 10 core course units or subjects, with 5 course units per semester. BIS CIS 403: Social Computing and Informatics explores human-computer/human-machine/human-machine product interactions and its impact in the society.

Creativity is the ability to create something original/new. Innovation is creating/developing and implementing new/original valuable process, product or service, or making valuable changes to existing ones; Invention is creating and implementing a product, service, or process that, though based on those that have come before, represents a leap/ a major difference in the way it was. Both innovation and invention are manifestations of creativity. All inventions contain innovations, but not every innovation rises to the level of an invention.

One of the largest, highly diverse and widely distributed groups in the animal kingdom • Very abundant - numbers extremely high (more than 60,000 described species (with an estimated 500,000 more still undescribed) • Habitat - both aquatic and terrestrial (many free-living & parasitic

Includes crabs, lobsters, prawns, barnacles, pill bugs, copepods, crayfishes, water fleas, shrimps, etc

Active body cells require lots of oxygen for energy production in aerobic respiration as we learnt in Lecture IV. A major by product of aerobic respiration is carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide dissolves in water to form carbonic acid and hence disturbs acid base balance in the body. Accumulation of carbon dioxide is therefore toxic to the cells as it may cause acidosis. Living cells have mechanisms of intake of oxygen and elimination of carbon dioxide. The two gases are known as respiratory gases. In small organisms such as protozoans the body surface provides an adequate surface area for the exchange of respiratory gases by diffusion. In mammals and other higher animals there are specialized systems for exchange of respiratory gases.

Once an insect hatches from the egg it is usually able to survive on its own, but it is small, wingless, and sexually immature. Its primary role in life is to eat and grow. If it survives, it will periodically outgrow and replace its exoskeleton (a process known as moulting). • In many species, there are other physical changes that also occur as the insect gets older (e.g., growth of wings and development of external genitalia)

Five classes of Uniramia are recognized: 1. Class Diplopoda (millipedes) 2. Class Chilopoda (centipedes) 3. Class Symphyla (sympylids) 4. Class Pauropoda (pauropods) 5. Class Insecta (insects) Centipedes, millipedes, symphylids and pauropods are collectively called myriapodous arthropods (Myriapods). All have long trunks with many segments and appendages, most of which are walking legs.

Insect Hormones • A hormone is a chemical signal sent from cells in one part of an organism to cells in another part (or parts) of the same individual. They are often regarded as chemical messengers. • Typically produced in very small quantities, but cause profound changes in their target cells • Their effect may be stimulatory or inhibitory • In some cases, a single hormone may have multiple targets and cause different effects in each target • Examples of processes controlled by hormones include moulting, metamorphosis, oocyte development (vitellogenesis), colour change and diurnal rhythms of activity

An amazing variety of life exists in the soil ecosystem -from microscopic mites to small mammals. • Most of the soil biota have barely been studied • Soil arthropods and soil fungi - two of the largest groups in the soil have received more attention • Importance of this below-ground ecosystem and its biodiversity is just beginning to be appreciated • Soil ecosystem is very much alive, dynamic and incredibly complex

Trends in human population growth: • Population has grown from an estimated 1 billion in 1800 to about 8 billion in 2022 • Annual global human population growth is estimated at 83 million (about 1.1percent ) • It is expected to rise to about 11.2 billion by the year 2100.

Surveying is defined as taking a general view of, by observation and measurement determining the boundaries, size, position, quantity, condition, value etc. of land, estates, building, farms mines etc. and finally presenting the survey data in a suitable form. This covers the work of the valuation surveyor, the quantity surveyor, the building surveyor, the mining surveyor and so forth, as well as the land surveyor. • Another school of thought define surveying as the act of making measurement of the relative position of natural and manmade features on earths surface and the presentation of this information either graphically or numerically.

The mammalian body is made of essentially non-living matter that is constituted and organized into forms that can contain and maintain life. The matter is in form of chemical compounds known as the chemicals of life. A description of these chemicals constitutes what is known as the chemical basis of life. There are two classes of chemical compounds in the mammalian body namely: a) Organic compounds. These are compounds that contain the element carbon covalently bound to other elements especially hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. b) Inorganic compounds. These are various types of salts/electrolytes in the body. Organic compounds There are four main classes of organic compounds in the body and these are referred to as macromolecules or biomolecules. They are: Carbohydrates. These are energy rich compounds that are readily broken down to release energy that runs the body’s life processes. They are also known as the biological fuel molecules. Carbohydrates are made of the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and are simply abbreviated as CHO. Carbohydrates are synthesized by plants through the process of photosynthesis. Animals acquire carbohydrates by feeding on plants. There are two subdivisions of carbohydrates in the body depending on complexity as explained below: a) Sugars Sugars are small carbohydrate molecules found in the diets and in the bodies of animals. Sugars are also known as saccharides. Some saccharides consist of a single sugar molecule and are known as monosaccharides. The most common and well known monosaccharide in the mammalian body is glucose. A few saccharides consist of two sugar units joined together and are known as disaccharides or double sugars. Examples of disaccharides in mammalian diets are sucrose (cane sugar), lactose (milk sugar) and maltose (a breakdown product of starch). b) Polysaccharides -These are large carbohydrate molecules consisting of large numbers of sugar molecules joined together. Examples of polysaccharides in animal diets are starch, glycogen and cellulose.

Promotion is conducted by persons who come up with the idea to form a company. A promoter is the person who conceives the idea of forming a company and who undertakes, does and goes through all the formalities and incidental preliminaries of incorporation. Legal position of the promoters A promoter is not an agent of the company during formation because the principal (company) does not legally exist. A promoter is not a trustee of the company during formation because the beneficiary doesn’t exist. Promoters are fiduciaries of the company with regard to formation. They have on their hands the creation and molding of the company. This is an equitable relationship based on trust, confidence and good faith. It imposes upon the promoter certain equitable or fiduciary obligations.

Elements of costs is a statement that is a presentation of costs data in form of a statement. It shows cost incurred under appropriate headings e.g: manufacturing using company we shall have: Direct materials + Direct expenses + Direct labour = Prime cost. Prime cost + Factory overheads (Production overheads) = Production costs. Production costs + Administrative overheads + Selling overheads + Distribution overheads = Total costs. Total costs + Profit = Selling price.

service costing is the process of identifying all costs associated with building, supporting, and delivering your service. Examples of service cost components include equipment, staff labor, professional fees, software, license fees, and data center charges, to name just a few.

This is charging of overhead to cost units. After determining the overhead of a cost centre these overheads are charged to cost unit. It means that the total overheads of a cost centre are distributed to all cost units produced by the cost centre.