The API is a large collection of ready-made software components that provide many useful capabilities. It is grouped into libraries of related classes and interfaces; these libraries are known as packages.

Object Oriented Programming - Abstraction – objects and classes - Encapsulation- Inheritance Polymorphism- OOP in Java – Characteristics of Java – The Java Environment - Java Source File -Structure Compilation. Fundamental Programming Structures in Java – Defining classes in Java –constructors, methods - access specifiers - static members - Comments, Data Types, Variables, Operators, Control Flow, Arrays, Packages - JavaDoc comments.

The term supplies management can be defined as the act of identifying, acquiring, and managing resources and suppliers that are essential to the operations of an organization. It includes the purchase of physical goods, information, services, and any other necessary resources that enable a company to continue operating and growing.

Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, which are microscopic, single-celled organisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and algae. These microorganisms play crucial roles in various processes, including nutrient cycling, disease causation, and biotechnology. This field of study encompasses various disciplines that focus on understanding the structure, function, genetics, and interactions of microorganisms with humans, animals, plants, and the environment.

As you begin to learn about population health and demography, it is important for you, first of all, to know what demography is. Furthermore, you also need to know at least some selected concepts that are commonly used in demography such as births, death, mobility, density, population dynamics, growth, change, momentum, population structure and pyramid.

Businesses create wealth and greatly contribute to the economic growth of a country and the standard of living of its people. Businesses also serve the community indirectly through their efforts in research and development, technological innovations and infrastructure improvements.

Social psychologists want to understand whom you like and whom you love, why you seek to help some people and harm others, what you think of yourself and what you think of other people and the connections you make between yourself and others.

A well-formed proposal funding is one that is carefully prepared, thoughtfully planned, and concisely packaged. The potential applicant should first become familiar with all of the pertinent program eligibility criteria of the funding institution. Before developing a proposal, the potential applicant may refer to the information contact listed in the agency or foundation program description to learn whether funding is available, when applicable deadlines occur, and the process used by the grantor agency or foundation for accepting and reviewing applications

Social work is a profession for those with a strong desire to help improve people's lives. Social workers help people function the best way they can in their environment, deal with their relationships, and solve personal and professional problems. Social workers practice in a variety of settings. Hospitals and psychiatric facilities they provide or arrange for a range of support services. In mental health, community centers, and private practice they provide counseling services on marriage, family, and adoption matters, and they help people through personal or community emergencies, such as dealing with loss or grief or arranging for disaster assistance.

The history of Kenya’s Judiciary can be traced to the East African Order in Council of 1897 and the Crown regulations made there under which marked the beginning of a legal system in Kenya. It was based on a tripartite division of subordinate courts; that is, Native courts, Muslim courts and those staffed by Administrative officers and Magistrates. A dual system of superior courts was also established, one court for Europeans and the other for Africans. This system only lasted for 5 years. Upon the realization by the colonial authorities of the need to have dispute resolution organs, village elders, headmen and chiefs were empowered to settle disputes as they had done in the pre-colonial period.

Social statistics is the use of statistical measurement systems to study human behavior in a social environment. This is mainly done through sampling a particular group of people, evaluating a particular subset of data obtained about a group of people, or by observation and statistical analysis of a set of data that relates to people and their behaviors.

An inevitable consequence of the demographic transition and the shift to lower fertility and mortality has been the evolution in the age structure of the world population. Many societies, especially in the more developed regions, have already attained older population age structures than have ever been seen in the past. Many developing countries in the midst of the demographic transition are experiencing rapid shifts in the relative numbers of children, working-age population and older people.

Social problems and conflicts are integral part of the society from the time immemorial. In providing relief and solution to these problems, social work and social welfare have also remained a part of human society. Professional social work utilizes certain methods of working with people, in view of empowering the people to solve their problems. Among the methods of social work, social action is a professional social work practice whose relevance is often felt in the field situations. The inherent theme behind social action is readjustment of the social institutions and redistribution of power and resources for social justice and empowerment of the community. As a method of social work, social action mobilizes the general population to bring about structural changes in the social system.

Public benefit organizations, also known as non-profit organizations (NPOs) or non- governmental organizations (NGOs), are entities that operate for the purpose of benefiting the public or a specific community, rather than generating profit for shareholders. These organizations often focus on addressing social, environmental, or humanitarian issues

Behavior —A stereotyped motor response to an internal or external stimulus. Character —An individual's set of emotional, cognitive, and behavioral patterns learned and accumulated over time. Cognition —The act or process of knowing or perceiving. Cognitive —The ability (or lack of) to think, learn, and memorize. Gene —A building block of inheritance, which contains the instructions for the production of a particular protein, and is made up of a molecular sequence found on a section of DNA. Each gene is found on a precise location on a chromosome.

Gender-Refers to the socio-cultural construction of maleness and femaleness. Gender can broadly be used to refer to the social organization of the relationships between the sexes . In talking about gender there is consensus in the feminist literature that gender neither refers to sex nor to women and literally rather ii refers to the socially and culturally established roles and relations of or between men and women. These roles are sometimes unequal between the sexes. Universally societies and cultures demarcates rights, duties and responsibilities through gender

The main objective of this course is to discuss and analyze sociological theories which are practiced today. However, it is worth noting that contemporary sociological theories are built on and corporates the classical theories and especially the works of Marx, Durkheim, Weber, Simmel and Mead. Therefore the approach into the understanding of contemporary sociological theories is to be acquainted with the works of classical writers (classical theorists) and the way their ideas are incorporated into that of the latter writers (contemporary theorists).

Adolescence stands our as a fascinating , interesting and challenging period of human growth and development. It is a period of great physical , social emotional , physiological and psychological change. The adolescent is neither a child nor an adult. In many traditional African societies adolescence marked the period of initiation of a child from childhood to adulthood.

Rural Studies- Is the study of rural life and human relationships in the rural environment. The study of rural life is the study of rural population, rural social organization and the social processes comparative in a rural society. AR Desai-Rural studies/sociology- the science of rural society – the science of laws of the development of rural society-has the primary objective to make scientific, systematic and comprehensive study of rural social organization, of its structure, function and the objective tendencies of development and on the basis of such studies to discover the laws of its development

In this lecture, we shall define gender. In the process of doing so, we shall also look at the key concepts in gender and development. We shall then move on to discuss the importance of gender issues in development. Thereafter we shall look at gender mainstreaming. We shall go further and look at gender in project and policy cycles.