1. Which is the environmental governing body in Kenya? a) EMCA b) NEMA c) Ministry of Environment d) Government of Kenya 2. In which year was EMCA amended to align with the Kenyan Constitution? a) 2015 b) 1999 c) 2007 d) 2010 3. Among the following, which is not a hazardous material? a) Mine Brine b) Used oil c) Natural gas d) Broken computers 4. Which of the following is a storage method of environmentally hazardous material? a) Open Tanks b) Open pits c) Injection wells d) Incineration 5. Which disposal method is most ideal for hazard waste from Uranium mining? a) Landfills b) Recycling c) Injection wells d) Sea dumping 6. What does OSHS not deal with? a) Provision of PPE b) Employability c) First Aid training d) Workplace safety 7. Chemical splashes are common hazard at Coca Cola Company. Which PPE does not protect from this? a) Goggles b) Overall c) Safety boots d) Earplugs

Community It refers to a geographical locality and its residents Jensen (1939) mentions that a community is used in everyday language to refer to a number of persons who have similar interest e.g. sporting community, business community Kayman (1972) indicates that a community refers to the local community/locality Wilson (1912) he saw communities as a complex of economic and social processes in which individuals find the satisfactions that are not supplied within their home. Organization Warren (1955) points out that organizations are resources which enables members of a community to work together to meet their needs. Wiledon (1970) views an organization as individuals in a given situation who usually agree to work together for attainment of certain objectives Organizations are also viewed as a collection of individuals formed into a coordinated system of specialized activities for the purpose of achieving certain goals over some extended period of time even tough individual membership may change. Community Based organizations Theses are social agencies that consist of a collection of individuals formed into a coordinated system of specialized activities for the purpose of achieving certain goals over some extended period of time even though individual membership may change and they are specifically based within a single local community. Like other non- profits, they are often run on a voluntary basis and are self funded.

This educational material provides an in-depth exploration of the practical application of environmental literacy in the workplace. It is specifically designed to impart comprehensive knowledge on the fundamental principles and their practical implementation in professional settings.

This educational material delves into the intricate application of medical-legal ethics within the healthcare setting. It is specifically tailored to impart comprehensive knowledge on the practical implementation of these fundamental principles in a hospital environment, with a focus on their relevance within surgical procedures and protocols.

Past KNEC papers

Cost accounting is broad and extends beyond calculating production costs for inventory valuation, which government-reporting requirements largely dictate. However accountants do not allow external reporting requirements to determine how they measure and control internal organizations activities. In fact, cost accounting focus is shifting from inventory valuation for financial reporting to costing for decision making.

History simply means an account of events that took place in the past; history may be defined as a branch of knowledge with past events of human beings and their responses to their environment over the years.

This module unit is intended to impart in trainees cooking skills and attitudes required for professional cookery. It gives the trainees a broad knowledge of raw food materials and their application in food production.

ASPECTS OF HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT The aspects of human growth and development refer to the various dimensions or facets of individuals' progress and maturation as they move through different stages of life. These aspects encompass physical, cognitive, emotional, social, moral, identity, sexual, and spiritual dimensions, each contributing to the holistic development of individuals Here are the key aspects of human growth and development: 1. Physical Development: Physical development refers to the changes in the body's structure, function, and appearance over time. This includes growth in height, weight, muscle mass, bone density, motor skills, coordination, sensory abilities, and physical health. 2. Cognitive Development: Cognitive development involves the growth and maturation of mental processes, including perception, memory, attention, language, problem-solving, reasoning, decision-making, and information processing. Cognitive development is influenced by genetics, environment, experiences, and educational opportunities. 3. Emotional Development: Emotional development pertains to the ability to recognize, understand, and manage one's own emotions as well as empathize with others' feelings. It involves the development of emotional awareness, regulation, expression, resilience, empathy, and social competence. 4. Social Development: Social development encompasses the growth of interpersonal skills, social relationships, and social behaviors within the context of family, peers, schools, communities, and society at large. It includes the development of communication skills, cooperation, empathy, conflict resolution, and cultural competence. 5. Moral Development: Moral development refers to the formation of ethical principles, values, beliefs, and standards of behavior that guide individuals' decisions and actions in social and moral dilemmas. It involves the development of conscience, empathy, moral reasoning, and the ability to distinguish between right and wrong. 6. Identity Development: Identity development involves the exploration and construction of one's sense of self, including personal values, beliefs, interests, goals, roles, and identity. It encompasses the development of self-concept, self-esteem, self-awareness, and the integration of personal and social identities. 7. Sexual Development: Sexual development involves the biological, psychological, and social aspects of sexuality, gender identity, and sexual orientation. It includes the physical changes associated with puberty, the exploration of sexual identity and relationships, and the development of healthy attitudes and behaviors related to sexuality.

Computer software is a set of programs, documents, step-by-step instructions (procedures) and routines associated with the operation of a computer system that makes the hardware capable of its various activities. • This is the logic that guides the computer hardware when performing a task. Software classification • i) System software • 1. Operating Software • 2. System Utilities • ii) Application software • a) Application packages ( offshelf) • b) User programs ( Tailor made)

INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL POLICY Social policy is an activity that tries to formulate and implement a decision to solve social diseases. Social development workers must have knowledge, skills and attitudes to enable them understand and know how social policies are made and administered for the achievement of set goals. Social development workers are expected to examine organization structure of the institution that make and implement policies to enable them translate these policies into programs and assess their effectiveness. Definition of terms: Policy- is a general statement of understanding which provide or challenges thinking of an individual. Policy-is a plan of action. Points of reference i) When programs are being developed. ii) When decisions are being taken about people, employees or particular issue in general. Social policy:-social policy relates to guidelines for the changing, maintenance or creation of living conditions that are conducive to human welfare. Statement that guide the government and NGO in an effort to provide social services to the needy citizen in the society. Administration Effective coordination of organizational activities to facilitate effective and efficiency attachment of goals and objectives Social policy and Administration Is concerned with effective policy implementation in order to achieve goals and objectives of social service provision. - Social policy is that part of public policy that has to do social issues, in most European countries; those types of insurance are made mandatory by law

Definition Accounting is defined as the process of identifying, measuring and reporting economic information to the users of this information to permit informed judgment Many businesses carry out transactions. Some of these transactions have a financial implication i.e. either cash is received or paid out. Examples of these transactions include selling goods, buying goods, paying employees and so many others. Accounting is involved with identifying these transactions measuring (attaching a value) and reporting on these transactions. If a firm employs a new staff member then this may not be an accounting transaction. However when the firm pays the employee salary, then this is related to accounting as cash involved. This has an economic impact on the organization and will be recorded for accounting purposes. A process is put in place to collect and record this information; it is then classified and summarized so that it can be reported to the interested parties. The main purpose of Accounting is to provide financial information about an economic entity. It provides a means where the steward reports to the owner how the funds entrusted to him are used to enhance the wealth of the business. Business Transaction is an event which involves the transfer of money or money‘s worth of financial events. The following summarises the business transaction that a firm might have: Acquisition of assets from owners and other creditors Investing resources in assets to produce goods or services Using resources to produce goods and services Selling goods or services of the firm Paying those to whom money is owned Returning assets to owners

Entrepreneurship may be defined as the visualization and realization of new ideas by insightful individuals, who are able to use information and mobilize resources to implement their vision. Entrepreneurship is the ability (i.e., knowledge plus skills) of a person to translate ideas of commencing a business unit into reality by setting up a business on ground to serve the needs of society and the nation, in the hope of profits

Preliminary items for the works 1. Site services a. Water An adequate supply of wholesome drinking water and construction water should be provided and maintained at suitable points conveniently accessible to all persons employed. b. Electricity It is essential for running plant that is electric as well as aiding in communication channels. c. Telephone Construction works involves teamwork hence communication should be clear, concise, complete and correct. d. Access roads and parking areas Restrictions such as rights of way, tree preservation and ancient buildings should be considered. e. Hoarding and fencing A building site and the compound can be given a degree of protection by surrounding with a fence. The fence fulfils two functions: • It defines the limit of the site or compound; • It acts as a deterrent to the would-be trespasser or thief. A fence can be constructed to provide a physical barrier of solid construction or a virtual barrier of open- work construction.

HISTORY OF BUILDING Introduction Evolution of built envelopment Building construction is the art of providing shelter to human being. It is the oldest industry which started with the existence of man. This is because man had to protect himself from atmospheric inconveniences such as rain, wind, sunshine, snow etc. The first pre historic man who lived during Stone Age lived in caves which were either excavated on stone or on firm grounds. The excavation tools being sharp stones or sharpened pieces of wood. As man continued to become more civilized there came to existence of constructed shelters such as traditional grass thatched houses with mud walls e.g. maasai manyattas, the Eskimo igloos etc. Today we have modern construction technology in building industry with very much diversified fields such as:- - Masonry / concreting - Plumbing / drainage works - Carpentry / joinery - Painting - Electrical works - Air conditioning - Gases installation - Tilling

What is an electronic component? • Electronic components are the building blocks of electronic circuits, each serving a specific function. • There are two types: a) Passive components: Passive components are electronic components that do not require an external power source to operate and cannot introduce power into a circuit. Instead, they can only consume, store, or dissipate electrical energy. Passive components typically influence the voltage, current, or signal flow in an electronic circuit without amplifying or controlling it. Examples: Resistors, Capacitors, Diodes, Inductors. b) Active components: An active component is an electronic component that relies on a source of energy and can inject power into a circuit. Active components are capable of controlling the flow of electricity in a circuit and typically require an external power source to operate. They can amplify signals, process data, and perform other complex functions. Example: Transistors, Integrated Circuits or ICs, Logic Gates.

Capacitors are passive electronic components that store and release electrical energy. They consist of two conductive plates separated by an insulating material called the dielectric. When a voltage is applied across the capacitor's plates, an electric field develops across the dielectric, causing positive charge to accumulate on one plate and negative charge on the other. This stored energy can be released when the circuit requires it, maintaining current flow and stabilizing voltage

ENERGY SOURCES All of these different sources of energy are used to produce electricity. Types of Sources of Energy These can be broken down into renewable and non-renewable energy sources. Renewable Energy Source Renewable energy sources are natural resources that can be harnessed to generate energy in an environmentally sustainable way. These sources are replenished by natural processes and are considered a clean and green alternative to fossil fuels. Some of the most common renewable energy sources include: The major types or sources of renewable energy are: i) Solar Energy: Solar energy is harnessed from the sun's radiation using photovoltaic (PV) cells to generate electricity or solar thermal systems to produce heat for various applications. Solar panels are commonly used to capture sunlight and convert it into electricity for residential, commercial, and industrial use. ii) Wind Energy: Wind turbines capture the kinetic energy of moving air and convert it into electricity. Wind farms consist of multiple turbines and are often located in areas with consistent wind patterns. Wind energy is a significant source of electricity generation in many regions. iii) Hydroelectric Power: Hydroelectric power is generated by capturing the energy of flowing or falling water, typically in dams and reservoirs. The movement of water turns turbines, which produce electricity. Hydropower is a well-established and widely used renewable energy source. iv) Geothermal Energy: Geothermal energy is derived from the heat within the Earth's core. It is typically harnessed by tapping into underground reservoirs of hot water or steam, which can be used for heating buildings, generating electricity, or providing direct-use applications like greenhouse heating. v) Biomass Energy: Biomass energy is produced from organic materials, such as wood, agricultural residues, and organic waste. These materials can be burned directly for heat or converted into biofuels like bioethanol and biodiesel for transportation and electricity generation. vi) Ocean Energy: Ocean energy includes various forms of energy generated from the movement of tides, waves, and ocean currents. It is an emerging and still-evolving source of renewable energy with the potential for sustainable power generation near coastlines. vii)Tidal Energy: Tidal energy is generated by the rise and fall of tides in coastal areas. Turbines placed in tidal streams can capture the kinetic energy of the moving water and convert it into electricity. viii)Wave Energy: Wave energy is harnessed from the up and down movement of ocean waves. Various technologies, including oscillating water columns and point absorbers, can capture wave energy and convert it into electricity. ix) Algal Biofuel: Algae can be cultivated and converted into biofuels, such as biodiesel and bioethanol, offering a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels.

TYPES OF COMPUTER CRIMES The following are some of various types of computer crimes: • Data Interception: This type is exclusive to network environment with teleprocessing activities in which the criminal may tap the signal sent to a computer from remote source. • Data Modification: Alteration, destruction, or erasing of data in the computer, usually done with desire to misallocate money or to cover up management incompetence. • Theft of Software/piracy: Taking or copying data, regardless of whether it is protected by other laws, e.g., copyright, privacy, etc. The cause of this may be for profit purpose or for private use

Communication pathways refer to the guidelines used to ensure a common understanding of the expectations for communication. • Pathways of communication are established to meet requirement of organization and workforce. Developing Character, Skills and Competence 7/20/2024 5:33 PM 2 • Communication pathways involve ways of better engagement with colleagues and clients in an organization. • Through communication pathways, a more inclusive and diverse workplace is realized. • It is therefore important to establish internal communication arrangements on communication channels like messages, telephone calls and meetings among others. • Such arrangements create structured connections between the organizations and the employees.