What is Conservation Agriculture? It is a way of farming that conserves, improves, and ensures efficient use of natural resources. • It aims to help farmers achieve profits with sustained production levels while conserving the environment.

Barrow- male pig castrated before reaching sexual maturity. Barrows are commonly raised as market hogs and show good weight gain. Boar- male hog or pig with intact testicles. Boars are primarily used for breeding purposes only, since it is said that testosterone in the system gives the meat a foul taste. Boars should be castrated prior to butchering and given at least 30 days on feed to cleanse the system prior to butchering. It should be said that some people do not notice a difference in the flavor of the meat and castrating a boar over 110kg is quite a challenge without the proper confinement tools.

Definition of terminologies: Disease: Is deviation from normal status. A state or condition brought about in living organism by some micro-organisms or parasites or unknown cause which is detrimental to health or wellbeing of that living organism. This includes mechanical or thermal injuries and nutritional deficiencies, poisons, hereditary and congenital diseases. It may also be defined as abnormal breakdown, destruction or malfunction of cells in animal body.

Concepts and definitions, general principles, production practices and cropping systems, organic manures, composition, nutrient availability, crop protection, comparative analysis organic vs conventional farming, code of conduct & regulation (EUREP-GAP, MRL IN Horticultural crops. Certification. Case studies of organic farming systems.

Pasture utilization; pasture establishment; improvement of natural pastures; concepts of seasonal fluctuation and pasture production; conservation of pasture and fodder: silage and silage making, hay and hay making, grazing systems. Common pasture and fodder species, their yields, nutritive value and expected carrying capacities; crop residues available for feeding livestock, their limitations and how to overcome the limitations.

SUGARCANE-Saccharum officinarum Sugarcane is one of the few plants which store its carbohydrates reserves in the form of sucrose. It is grown throughout the tropics and provides more than half of the world’s sugar.

This course is intended to give the trainees an insight into the Basic sociology concepts; sociological approaches to agriculture; agricultural worms (in extension); agrarianism; diffusion/adoption processes; gender and community development, community development methods; case studies; models of community development; rural/urban differences and impact on community development; gender and resources allocation; management of natural resources; community participation in community Development Fund(CDF) ; government programs influencing extension

Agricultural extension is not a monolithic structure- rather it is an educational process which has its goal the communication of useful information to people, then helping them to learn how to use it to build better life for themselves, their families and their communities. Therefore, Agricultural extension is non -formal education, which involves a continuous process were learning takes place throughout one’s life.

The course is aimed at equipping trainees with knowledge, skills and attitudes on how to interact and understand the Community in order to facilitate relevant development changes in the Rural society.

Scientific definition for power is the rate at which work is done. Work is expressed in Joule and time is expressed in Seconds. Power therefore is expressed in Joules per Second

IMPORTANCE OF PASTURES i. Used to provide high quality animal feed ii. Improve soil fertility due to increased organic matter iii. Control soil erosion iv. Improves soil structure. v. Food for mankind e.g. maize, wheat, barley, oats, rice, sorghum and millet.

A graphic depiction of all or part of a geographic realm in which the real-world features have been replaced by symbols in their correct spatial location at a reduced scale.” (Clarke, 2001)

The human life cycle may be said to begin with fertilization and then proceed through prenatal growth and development, birth, postnatal growth and development, maturity, senescence, and death. While you might think of child development as something that begins during infancy, the prenatal period is also considered an important part of the developmental process. Prenatal development is a time of remarkable change that helps set the stage for future psychological development. The brain develops over the course of the prenatal period, but it will continue to go through more changes during the early years of childhood. The process of prenatal development occurs in three main stages. The first two weeks after conception are known as the germinal stage, the third through the eighth week is known as the embryonic period, and the time from the ninth week until birth is known as the fetal period.

Personality refers to the unique combination of characteristics, qualities, and behaviors that make each person distinct from others. It's like the way a person thinks, feels, and acts, which sets them apart from everyone else. Personality refers to the unique set of psychological traits, characteristics, patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving that distinguishes one individual from another. It encompasses a person's distinctive way of interacting with the world, including their attitudes, beliefs, values, emotions, motivations, and behaviors. Personality is often thought of as relatively stable over time, although it can also be influenced by various factors such as experiences, culture, environment, and development. Psychologists have developed various theories and models to understand and explain personality, including trait theories, psychodynamic theories, humanistic theories, and social-cognitive theories.

Emerging issues and trends in human growth and development encompass a wide array of topics that are continually evolving as our understanding of human development deepens and societal factors shift. Some notable emerging issues and trends include: 1. Technology and Development: The pervasive influence of technology on human development is a significant trend. This includes concerns about screen time, social media use, and the impact of digital devices on cognitive, social, and emotional development, particularly in children and adolescents. 2. Changing Family Structures: Shifts in family structures, such as increasing rates of singleparent households, cohabitation, and same-sex parenting, have implications for child development, family dynamics, and support systems. 3. Mental Health Awareness and Support: There is growing recognition of the importance of mental health in overall development. Efforts to reduce stigma, increase access to mental health services, and promote emotional well-being are gaining momentum.

Sociology is the study of groups and group interactions, societies and social interactions, from small and personal groups to very large groups. A group of people who live in a defined geographic area, who interact with one another and who share a common culture is what sociologists call a society. Sociologists study all aspects and levels of society. Sociologists working from the micro-level study small groups and individual interactions, while those using macro-level analysis look at trends among and between large groups and societies. For example, a micro-level study might look at the accepted rules of conversation in various groups such as among teenagers or business professionals. In contrast, a macro-level analysis might research the ways that language use has changed over time or in social media outlets.

SOCIOLOGY OF EDUCATION 1.Define the following sociological terms (8mks) a)Social institutions Specialized structures established to ensure that the psychological physiological and security needs of its members are well catered for. b)Sociology of education This is a branch of sociology that studies the social side of education. It attempts to systematically study the sociological problems (those originating from the society), patterns and process that are found/associated with the education practice. c)Values Refer to intangible qualities or beliefs accepted and endorsed by a given society They include justice, freedom, respect, community, and responsibility d)Socialization Socialization can also be seen as the process of building of group values into the individual or the process through which the individual is cultured. Socialization is the way culture is transmitted and the individual is fitted in into an organized way of life.

Psychosocial support refers to a range of interventions and activities aimed at promoting the mental, emotional, social, and psychological well-being of individuals or communities. It recognizes the interconnection between psychological and social factors and seeks to address the complex interplay between them. Psychosocial support is often provided in various settings, including healthcare, humanitarian aid, counseling, and community services. IMPORTANCE OF PSYCHO SOCIAL SUPPORT Psychosocial support plays a crucial role in promoting the well-being and resilience of individuals and communities facing various challenges. Here are several key reasons highlighting the importance of psychosocial support:

Meaning of law: the system of rules that a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actionsof its members and may enforce by the imposition of penalties. The following are the main branches of law Private law signifies rules that regulate the relationships between private individuals (subjects of law who are, legally speaking, in an equal situation; for example, the legal relationship between a buyer and a seller, where both parties have certain rights and obligations). Private law covers civil law, commercial law, international private law as well as intellectual property (such as copyright, patent law). Public law, on the other hand, consists in rules where one party is the state, who participates in the legal relationship from a position of strength – thereby effecting its power. Public law also signifies principles that serve as a basis for the structure of the state and the relationships between the state and the citizens. In addition to constitutional law, public law also covers administrative, financial, criminal and procedural law as well as international law.

This module covers knowledge and skills needed for self-management. It will address self- management issues like the formulation of personal vision, mission, and goals, development of a personal management plan, evaluation and monitoring of individual performance, management of emotions, development of assertiveness, time Management, maintaining accountability and responsibility, and analysing individual strengths and weaknesses. In addition, the module covers national values and principles of governance, and aspects of social cohesion in fragile contexts.