The concept of purchasing policy and strategy is central to understanding of the process of strategic management. The term strategy emanates from a Greek word ‘ strategos’ , which means generalship – the actual direction of a military force as distinct from the policy governing their deployment. The word literally means the art of the general. Strategy begins with a concept of how to use the resources of a firm more effectively in the changing environment. It is similar to the concept in sports called “ game plan” e.g. before a team goes into the field, effective coaches examine a competitor’ s past plans, strengths and weaknesses. The objective is to win the game with minimum injuries; coaches may also not wish to use all their best players but to save some for the future opponents. So coaches devise a plan to win a game.

The main purpose of this course to enable the learner to improve skills in clearing and forwarding in global procurement of supplies. Enhance the efficiency of the inbound and outbound logistics when sourcing from abroad.

Communication is a process of sending and receiving messages between twopeople that enhances human to share knowledge, attitude and skills. It begins with Message – Sender—Medium—Receiver—Feedback. During communication messages are transmitted, received, analyzed, accepted and rejected

This module is designed to equip the trainee with knowledge, skills and attitudes that will enable him/her to effectively counsel and support clients n a society.

Deviation is a measure of difference between the observed value of a variable and some other value, often that variable's mean. The sign of the deviation (positive or negative), reports the direction of that difference (the deviation is positive when the observed value exceeds the reference value). The magnitude of the value indicates the size of the difference.

This chapter starts by appreciating that besides the company there are other forms of business associations, such as cooperatives, partnerships and sole proprietorships. It then distinguishes these other forms of business associations from the company, which is our main focus. The chapter then goes ahead to look at the law governing other forms of business associations with special attention to cooperative societies

This report is an official document that reflects precise and concrete information about the different aspects of the project ranging from the overview, requirements, practical aspects, theoretical considerations, tasks furnished, outcomes gained, objectives listed, reports attached, abstracts, experiments and results, conclusions and recommendations to the implementation and scope of the project

A theory is a general statement about the real world whose essential truth can be supported by evidence obtained through the scientific method. A theory must explain in a provable way why something happens. Ex: Learning theory explains behavior on the basis of what organisms have learned from the environment.

Any obstacle or problem in the process of communication which hinders/obstructs the process of Communication is called a Barrier.

An electric motor is an electric machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. In normal motoring mode, most electric motors operate through the interaction between an electric motor's magnetic field and winding currents to generate force within the motor.