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ASPECTS OF HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
| Institution | TVET |
| Course | Diploma in Social Wo... |
| Year | 1st Year |
| Semester | Unknown |
| Posted By | stephen |
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| Pages | 3 Pages |
| File Size | 349.09 KB |
| Views | 3422 |
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ASPECTS OF HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
The aspects of human growth and development refer to the various dimensions or facets of individuals' progress and maturation as they move through different stages of life. These aspects encompass physical, cognitive, emotional, social, moral, identity, sexual, and spiritual dimensions, each contributing to the holistic development of individuals
Here are the key aspects of human growth and development:
1. Physical Development: Physical development refers to the changes in the body's structure, function, and appearance over time. This includes growth in height, weight, muscle mass, bone density, motor skills, coordination, sensory abilities, and physical health.
2. Cognitive Development: Cognitive development involves the growth and maturation of mental processes, including perception, memory, attention, language, problem-solving, reasoning, decision-making, and information processing. Cognitive development is influenced by genetics, environment, experiences, and educational opportunities.
3. Emotional Development: Emotional development pertains to the ability to recognize, understand, and manage one's own emotions as well as empathize with others' feelings. It involves the development of emotional awareness, regulation, expression, resilience, empathy, and social competence.
4. Social Development: Social development encompasses the growth of interpersonal skills, social relationships, and social behaviors within the context of family, peers, schools, communities, and society at large. It includes the development of communication skills, cooperation, empathy, conflict resolution, and cultural competence.
5. Moral Development: Moral development refers to the formation of ethical principles, values, beliefs, and standards of behavior that guide individuals' decisions and actions in social and moral dilemmas. It involves the development of conscience, empathy, moral reasoning, and the ability to distinguish between right and wrong.
6. Identity Development: Identity development involves the exploration and construction of one's sense of self, including personal values, beliefs, interests, goals, roles, and identity. It encompasses the development of self-concept, self-esteem, self-awareness, and the integration of personal and social identities.
7. Sexual Development: Sexual development involves the biological, psychological, and social aspects of sexuality, gender identity, and sexual orientation. It includes the physical changes associated with puberty, the exploration of sexual identity and relationships, and the development of healthy attitudes and behaviors related to sexuality.
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XET 402: Institutional Economics
Economics is the study of how we make choices in the face of scarcity and how those choices motivate behavior.
31 Pages
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XEA 406-POVERTY AND DEVELOPMENT
Poverty Analysis and Measurement
Development deals with the alleviation or the eradication of poverty. Poverty is inter-related to other problems of underdevelopment.
In rural and urban communities, poverty can be very different.
In urban areas people often have access to health and education but many of the problems caused by poverty are made worse by things like overcrowding, unhygienic conditions, pollution, unsafe
houses etc. In rural areas there is often poor access to education, health and many other services but people
usually live in healthier and safer environments.
Since the alleviation of poverty is the most important aim of development work, we have to understand how to measure poverty. Development means that there has been some improvement and improvements must be measurable.
17 Pages
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XEA 406-POVERTY AND DEVELOPMENT
Choosing and Estimating a Poverty Line
Once an aggregate income, consumption or non-monetary measure is defined at the household or
individual level, the next step is to define one or more poverty lines.
What is Poverty Line?
Poverty lines are cut-off points separating the poor from the non-poor. They can be monetary (for example a certain level of consumption) or non-monetary (for example a certain level of literacy). The use of multiple lines can help in distinguishing different levels of poverty
12 Pages
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STA 434: SURVEY RESEARCH METHODS
The difference between research and non-research activity is, in the way we find answers: the process must meet certain requirements to be called research. We can identify these
requirements by examining some definitions of research.
Research is the process of conducting an organized and systematic way of finding answers to questions. This implies finding answers to questions by using reliable and valid laid
down procedures, methods and techniques within a framework of a set of philosophies (approaches). The process should always be unbiased and objective. “Scientific research is systematic, controlled, empirical, and critical investigation of natural phenomena guided by theory and hypotheses about the presumed relations among
such phenomena.” – Kerlinger, 1986.
13 Pages
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STA 434: SURVEY RESEARCH METHODS
Literature review is integral part of entire research process and makes valuable contribution
to every operational step. This is an essential preliminary task in order to acquaint yourself
with the available body of knowledge in your area of interest.
Disadvantages of Literature Review
i. It can be time-consuming at times
ii. It is a daunting task when there is so much done about your area of in interest
iii. It is frustrating when there is little or no study done about your area of interest.
Key Functions of Literature Review
i) Brings clarity and focus to your research problem
ii) Improves your methodology;
iii) Broadens your knowledge;
iv) Contextualizes the author’s findings.
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STA 434: SURVEY RESEARCH METHODS
Step 4: Preparing the Research Design
Research design is the conceptual structure within which research would be
conducted.
The function of research design is to provide for the collection of relevant information with
minimal expenditure of effort, time and money. The preparation of research design,
appropriate for a particular research problem, involves the consideration of the following:
1. Objectives of the research study.
2. Method of Data Collection to be adopted
3. Source of information—Sample Design
4. Tool for Data collection
5. Data Analysis-- qualitative and quantitative
11 Pages
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STA 434: SURVEY RESEARCH METHODS
Determining the Sample Design
Sample design covers the areas of sampling frame, sample size, and sampling methodology. Aspects to be considered within these areas include:
Researchers usually draw conclusions about large groups by taking a sample. A sample is a segment/ part/small section of the population selected to represent the population as a whole.
Population on the other hand is the largest collection of values of a random variable for which we have an interest at a particular time. A sampling frame is a list of all members (e.g. persons, households, businesses, schools)
of the target population for the survey. For example, a sampling frame may be the electoral roll, the membership list of a club, or a register of schools. Information collected from the sample is used to make conclusion/inferences on population
characteristics. Ideally, the sample should be representative and allow the researcher to make accurate estimates of the thoughts and behaviour of the larger population. To draw conclusions about populations from samples, one must use inferential statistics to be able to determine a population’s characteristics by directly observing only a portion of the it. Designing the sample calls for three key decisions to answer the following questions:
10 Pages
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STA 434: SURVEY RESEARCH METHODS
COLLECTING DATA:
Having formulated the research problem, developed a study design, constructed a research
instrument and selected a sample, you then collect the data from which you will draw
inferences and conclusions for your study. Depending upon your plans, you might
commence interviews, mail out a questionnaire, conduct experiments and/or make
observations.
Collecting data through any of the methods may involve some ethical issues in
relation to the participants and the researcher:
- Those from whom information is collected or those who are studied by a
researcher become participants of the study.
- Anyone who collects information for a specific purpose, adhering to the
accepted code of conduct, is a researcher.
7 Pages
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STA 434: SURVEY RESEARCH METHODS
DATA PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS:
Processing and analyzing data involves a number of closely related operations which are
performed with the purpose of summarizing the collected data and organizing these in a
manner that they answer the research questions (objectives).
The Data Processing operations are:
1. Editing – This is the process of examining the collected raw data to detect errors and
omissions and to correct these when possible.
2. Classification – This is the process of arranging data in groups or classes on the basis
of common characteristics. Depending on the nature of phenomenon involved
a) Classification according to attributes:
Here, data is analyzed on the basis of common characteristics which can either
be:
i) Descriptive such as literacy, sex, religion etc.
ii) Numerical such as weight, height, income etc. Such classification can
be either:
• Simple classification: where we consider only one attribute, and
divide the universe into two classes – one class consisting of
items possessing the given attribute, and the other class
consisting of items which do not possess the given attribute.
15 Pages
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XEA 406: POVERTY AND DEVELOPMENT
Another convenient feature of the FGT class of poverty measures is that they can be
disaggregated for population subgroups and the contribution of each subgroup to national
poverty can be calculated.
Although the FGT measure provides an elegant unifying framework for measures of poverty, it
leaves unanswered the question of the best value of .
The measures of poverty depth and poverty severity provide information complementary to the
incidence of poverty.
It might be that some groups have a high poverty incidence but low poverty gap (when numerous
members are just below the poverty line), while other groups have a low poverty incidence but a
high poverty gap for those who are poor (when relatively few members are below the poverty
line but with extremely low levels of consumption).
The Table below provides an example from Madagascar
9 Pages
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