ENERGY SOURCES All of these different sources of energy are used to produce electricity. Types of Sources of Energy These can be broken down into renewable and non-renewable energy sources. Renewable Energy Source Renewable energy sources are natural resources that can be harnessed to generate energy in an environmentally sustainable way. These sources are replenished by natural processes and are considered a clean and green alternative to fossil fuels. Some of the most common renewable energy sources include: The major types or sources of renewable energy are: i) Solar Energy: Solar energy is harnessed from the sun's radiation using photovoltaic (PV) cells to generate electricity or solar thermal systems to produce heat for various applications. Solar panels are commonly used to capture sunlight and convert it into electricity for residential, commercial, and industrial use. ii) Wind Energy: Wind turbines capture the kinetic energy of moving air and convert it into electricity. Wind farms consist of multiple turbines and are often located in areas with consistent wind patterns. Wind energy is a significant source of electricity generation in many regions. iii) Hydroelectric Power: Hydroelectric power is generated by capturing the energy of flowing or falling water, typically in dams and reservoirs. The movement of water turns turbines, which produce electricity. Hydropower is a well-established and widely used renewable energy source. iv) Geothermal Energy: Geothermal energy is derived from the heat within the Earth's core. It is typically harnessed by tapping into underground reservoirs of hot water or steam, which can be used for heating buildings, generating electricity, or providing direct-use applications like greenhouse heating. v) Biomass Energy: Biomass energy is produced from organic materials, such as wood, agricultural residues, and organic waste. These materials can be burned directly for heat or converted into biofuels like bioethanol and biodiesel for transportation and electricity generation. vi) Ocean Energy: Ocean energy includes various forms of energy generated from the movement of tides, waves, and ocean currents. It is an emerging and still-evolving source of renewable energy with the potential for sustainable power generation near coastlines. vii)Tidal Energy: Tidal energy is generated by the rise and fall of tides in coastal areas. Turbines placed in tidal streams can capture the kinetic energy of the moving water and convert it into electricity. viii)Wave Energy: Wave energy is harnessed from the up and down movement of ocean waves. Various technologies, including oscillating water columns and point absorbers, can capture wave energy and convert it into electricity. ix) Algal Biofuel: Algae can be cultivated and converted into biofuels, such as biodiesel and bioethanol, offering a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels.

Capacitors are passive electronic components that store and release electrical energy. They consist of two conductive plates separated by an insulating material called the dielectric. When a voltage is applied across the capacitor's plates, an electric field develops across the dielectric, causing positive charge to accumulate on one plate and negative charge on the other. This stored energy can be released when the circuit requires it, maintaining current flow and stabilizing voltage

What is an electronic component? • Electronic components are the building blocks of electronic circuits, each serving a specific function. • There are two types: a) Passive components: Passive components are electronic components that do not require an external power source to operate and cannot introduce power into a circuit. Instead, they can only consume, store, or dissipate electrical energy. Passive components typically influence the voltage, current, or signal flow in an electronic circuit without amplifying or controlling it. Examples: Resistors, Capacitors, Diodes, Inductors. b) Active components: An active component is an electronic component that relies on a source of energy and can inject power into a circuit. Active components are capable of controlling the flow of electricity in a circuit and typically require an external power source to operate. They can amplify signals, process data, and perform other complex functions. Example: Transistors, Integrated Circuits or ICs, Logic Gates.

Ante-mortem Inspection • This is the comprehensive examination of food animals destined to slaughter • Conducted in the Lairage within 24 hours of slaughter and repeated if slaughter has been delayed over a day • Done by an official veterinarian in the slaughter house • In some cases it can be done on the farm if legislation allows. E.g., pigs and poultry • The slaughterhouse layout and conditions must facilitate the ante-mortem inspections, so that each animal can be readily checked and identified. • Adequate lighting and separate pens for sick or suspect animals are necessary

Post Mortem Examination • Post Mortem Inspection - examination of carcasses and organs after slaughter to assess whether these products are fit for human consumption • Edible products - fit for human consumption; includes meat, certain offal, casing etc. from animals which have been examined and passed by an inspector • Inedible products - meat products which are not fit for human consumption e.g. horn, hair, bone, bristle, blood • Condemned meat - meat and meat products which have been found by an inspector not to be fit for human consumption. Includes diseased and defective carcasses or part of carcasses and severely contaminated products

Enzymes Enzymes are biocatalysts the catalysts of life. A catalyst is defined as a substance that increases the velocity or rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any change in the overall process. Enzymes may be defined as biocatalysts synthesized by living cells. Their basic properties include, They are protein in nature (exception - RNA acting as ribozyme), colloidal and thermolabile in character, and specific in their action. In the laboratory, hydrolysis of proteins by a strong acid at 100oC takes at least a couple of days. The same protein is fully digested by the enzymes in gastrointestinal tract at body temperature (37oC) within a couple of hours. This remarkable difference in the chemical reactions taking place in the living system is exclusively due to enzymes. The very existence of life is unimaginable without the presence of enzymes. Enzymes catalyse a specific substance called a substrate. Role of enzymes in biochemical reactions Enzymes are biological catalysts that increase the rate or velocity, v, of many physiologic reactions yet are not used up in the reaction and are synthesized by living cells. Enzymes are specialized proteins found and produced by living cells and act as biological catalysts a. In the absence of enzymes, most reactions in the body would proceed so slowly that life would be impossible. Some chemical reactions are only possible by enzymes. C. A deficiency in enzyme activity can cause disease. a. Inherited absence or mutations in enzymes involved in critical metabolic pathways e.g. the urea cycle or glycogen metabolism are referred to as inborn errors of metabolism. If not detected soon after birth, these conditions can lead to serious metabolic derangements in infants and even death. b. An enzyme deficiency can produce a deficiency of the product of the reaction it catalyzes, which may inhibit other reactions that depend on availability of that product. c. Accumulation of the substrate or metabolic byproducts of the substrate due to an enzyme deficiency can have profound physiologic consequences. d. Most inborn errors of metabolism manifest after birth because the exchange of metabolites between mother and fetus provides for fetal metabolic needs in utero. e. Therapeutic strategies for enzyme deficiency diseases include dietary modification and potential gene therapy or direct enzyme replacement

HISTORY OF BUILDING Introduction Evolution of built envelopment Building construction is the art of providing shelter to human being. It is the oldest industry which started with the existence of man. This is because man had to protect himself from atmospheric inconveniences such as rain, wind, sunshine, snow etc. The first pre historic man who lived during Stone Age lived in caves which were either excavated on stone or on firm grounds. The excavation tools being sharp stones or sharpened pieces of wood. As man continued to become more civilized there came to existence of constructed shelters such as traditional grass thatched houses with mud walls e.g. maasai manyattas, the Eskimo igloos etc. Today we have modern construction technology in building industry with very much diversified fields such as:- - Masonry / concreting - Plumbing / drainage works - Carpentry / joinery - Painting - Electrical works - Air conditioning - Gases installation - Tilling

Preliminary items for the works 1. Site services a. Water An adequate supply of wholesome drinking water and construction water should be provided and maintained at suitable points conveniently accessible to all persons employed. b. Electricity It is essential for running plant that is electric as well as aiding in communication channels. c. Telephone Construction works involves teamwork hence communication should be clear, concise, complete and correct. d. Access roads and parking areas Restrictions such as rights of way, tree preservation and ancient buildings should be considered. e. Hoarding and fencing A building site and the compound can be given a degree of protection by surrounding with a fence. The fence fulfils two functions: • It defines the limit of the site or compound; • It acts as a deterrent to the would-be trespasser or thief. A fence can be constructed to provide a physical barrier of solid construction or a virtual barrier of open- work construction.

Entrepreneurship may be defined as the visualization and realization of new ideas by insightful individuals, who are able to use information and mobilize resources to implement their vision. Entrepreneurship is the ability (i.e., knowledge plus skills) of a person to translate ideas of commencing a business unit into reality by setting up a business on ground to serve the needs of society and the nation, in the hope of profits

Definition Accounting is defined as the process of identifying, measuring and reporting economic information to the users of this information to permit informed judgment Many businesses carry out transactions. Some of these transactions have a financial implication i.e. either cash is received or paid out. Examples of these transactions include selling goods, buying goods, paying employees and so many others. Accounting is involved with identifying these transactions measuring (attaching a value) and reporting on these transactions. If a firm employs a new staff member then this may not be an accounting transaction. However when the firm pays the employee salary, then this is related to accounting as cash involved. This has an economic impact on the organization and will be recorded for accounting purposes. A process is put in place to collect and record this information; it is then classified and summarized so that it can be reported to the interested parties. The main purpose of Accounting is to provide financial information about an economic entity. It provides a means where the steward reports to the owner how the funds entrusted to him are used to enhance the wealth of the business. Business Transaction is an event which involves the transfer of money or money‘s worth of financial events. The following summarises the business transaction that a firm might have: Acquisition of assets from owners and other creditors Investing resources in assets to produce goods or services Using resources to produce goods and services Selling goods or services of the firm Paying those to whom money is owned Returning assets to owners