Intermolecular Forces and Energy
| Institution | UNIVERSITY |
| Course | EDUCATION |
| Year | 1st Year |
| Semester | Unknown |
| Posted By | Brian Mike |
| File Type | |
| Pages | 12 Pages |
| File Size | 557.53 KB |
| Views | 3130 |
| Downloads | 0 |
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Description
The forces which exist between molecules can explain many of the bulk properties of solids,
liquids and gases. These intermolecular forces arise from two main causes:
The potential energy of the molecules, which is due to interactions with surrounding
molecules. This is principally electric attraction and repulsion between charged particles. These forces are responsible for the structure of an atom. The forces between different atoms are responsible for the structure of a molecule and the forces between the molcules are responsible
for the structure of the material.
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BIOCHEMISTRY
Polyurethanes are prepared from diisocyanates
and diols. Urethane (also called a carbamate) is a
functional group that contains both an ester and an
amide at a single carbonyl group.
Nucleophilic Addition Reaction: Example 1:
Sevin is a highly effective, biodegradable insecticide. It
affects the nervous systems of insects by blocking
access to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
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BIOCHEMISTRY
PETROLEUM CHEMISTRY
Carbon is so Important in the Life Cycle. It has
numerous ways of bonding with many other
elements, particularly oxygen and hydrogen.
It can form both “organic” and “inorganic”
compounds. Organic compounds are considered
unstable in the biosphere because they are in the
reduced state.
Whereas Inorganic compounds, principally
calcite (CaCO3
) and dolomite (CaMg(CO3
)2
), are
stable because they are in the oxidized state.
Carbon is present in most substances that are
vital for the development of life (called
“biomolecules”): Proteins, lipids, sacharides, etc
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BIOCHEMISTRY
Alkyl halides are organic molecules containing a halogen
atom bonded to an sp3 hybridized carbon atom.
• Alkyl halides are classified as primary (1°), secondary (2°),
or tertiary (3°), depending on the number of carbons bonded
to the carbon with the halogen atom.
• The halogen atom in halides is often denoted by the symbol
“X”.
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BIOCHEMISTRY
Natural Gas
Natural gas is a gaseous fossil fuel consisting
primarily of methane but including significant
quantities of ethane, butane, propane, carbon
dioxide, nitrogen, helium and hydrogen sulfide.
Obtained from oil fields and natural gas fields,
and in coal beds.
Methane-rich gases are produced by the
anaerobic decay of non-fossil organic material, ie
biogas.
Total world production of natural gas in 1986
was 100 trillion m3
.
It is used as feed stock as well as fuel. It is
preferred due to its high Calorific Value
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