This lesson introduces the concept of public finance and its historical developments dating back to the era of renowned economist Adam Smith. The principles of public finance enshrined in the Constitution of Kenya 2010 are covered as well as sources of public finance with major focus on taxation. The purpose of this lesson is to enable you understand the principles and role of public finance in a given country.

Sociology of religion is the scientific study of the ways in which culture, society and class relationships affect religion and the ways in which religion affects individuals and the social structure.

The discipline of sociology is founded on a trinity of three main pillars: social structure, social research methods and social theory. You may like to think of the discipline of sociology as a traditional African stool that stands on three legs: social structure, social research methods and social theory. Having been introduced to the discipline of sociology last semester, this course exposes you to the first pillar: social structure. As you go on with your courses in sociology you will encounter the other two pillars: social research methods and social theory. To put them in perspective: Social theory attempts to explain why things happen and how they happen. It also attempts to predict social phenomena. Social research methods deal with how sociologists come to know what they know about society and the tools that they use to test the validity of some of the predictions made by theory. Social structure attempts to explain and describe the reality of how society is constructed.

Somo hili linatoa utangulizi wa chombo hiki cha binadamu kinachoitwa lugha. kwa muda mrefu binadamu amejaribu kuelewa lugha bila mafanikio makubwa hadi mikabala ya kisayansi ilipoanza .

This is the scientific study of people in group relations. Sociologists use scientific methods in their research studies to develop a body of accurate and reliable knowledge about human relationships.

This module on introduction to ethics has been carefully developed to introduce you to the basic ethical concepts, theories and principles. Ethics being a philosophical discipline this module has employed the philosophical methods and tools of evaluation and analysis. The course therefore exposes you to philosophical thinking about morality.

Fromkin, Rodman and Hyams (2009) define articulatory phonetics as the branch of phonetics that studies how the human vocal tract produces the sounds of language, while Crystal (2008) defines articulatory phonetics as "the study of the way speech sounds are made (articulated') by the avagal organs."

Development can be defined as systemic changes and continuities in the individual that occur between conception and death or from womb to tomb. The changes are systemic in that they are orderly, patterned and relatively enduring-not fleeting and unpredictable like mood swings. Involve continuities; ways in which we remain the same or continue to reflect our pasts.

Leadership is a process by which a person influences others to accomplish an objective and directs the organization in a way that makes it more cohesive and coherent. Leadership is a process of social influence, which maximizes the efforts of others, towards the achievement of a goal.

In physics we deal with physical quantities which are usually quantified by measuring. The process of measuring involves assigning a number to a physical quantity by comparing it with a standard. The standard quantity is called unit and used to measure the given physical quantity. For instance when we say the length is 5 m, it means the standard used is one meter ( 1 m) and the length is 5 times of the standard length. A standard adopted as a unit should have the following features: i) It must be universally acceptable and of reasonable size. ii) Its magnitude must be definite and definable iii) Its magnitude should not change with time, temperature and pressure i.e. it should be invariable and iv) It should be reproducible.

Development is a progressive series of qualitative changes that occur in a predictable pattern as a result of the interaction between biological and environmental factors. It is a unique kind of change that is cumulative and occurs over time in a social context. For example language use, thought processing, reading skills, and peer relationships.

This course broadly introduces students to the discipline of Political Science. More specifically, the course explores basic concepts in politics, theories and ideologies, configurations of the state and government, and the institutional frameworks of politics.

This course introduces you to the grammar of the English Language. It begins with and identification and classification of the words of the English Language. It then explain how the words of the language interact and combine to form larger structures, such as phrases which in turn combine to form clauses. The clause is the unit used by a speaker to express thoughts and thus clearly communicate with other people. This course introduces you the basic structure of the English language clause and how it can be used to communicate thoughts in different styles.

This module provides a view of psychology as a science. It introduces key scientific concepts that can be used in application of psychological principles to conduct experiments about cause and effect of behavior.

Sociology is the systematic study of social groups and their influences on human behaviour. Human beings are social by nature. They form groups to meet their needs and pursue their interests. This social dimension is the focus of sociology. Groups range from intimate type, such as two lovers to the largest most inclusive group, which is called society. Sociology concerns itself with the nature of these groups and their impact upon each other and on the individuals that comprise them.

Initially psychology was a branch of philosophy that explained human nature from metaphysical (unscientific) perspective. For example, with this definition a parent would say that his child is not doing well in class because he is being cursed. Yet a more realistic explanation could be from a variety of sources such as social problems and poor teaching methods. The word psychology was derived from two Greek words (1 ) psyche - mind, soul, spirit and (2) logos - the study of-----. Therefore, psychology was initially defined as "The study of the mind

Education promotes international consciousness and foster positive attitudes towards other nations Kenya is part of the interdependent network of diverse peoples and nations. Education should empower the learner to respect, appreciate and participate in the opportunities within the international community. Education should also enable the learner to operate within the international community with full knowledge of the obligations, responsibilities, rights and benefits that this membership entails

Speaking or oral communication can be defined as: An interactive process of constructing meaning that involves producing, receiving and processing information (Brown, 1994; Burns & Joyce, 1997). Speaking means to converse, or expressing one's thoughts and feelings in spoken language. This could be an informal remark, scholarly presentation or a formal address. Speaking skills are the skills that give us the ability to communicate effectively. These skills allow the speaker, to convey his message in a passionate, thoughtful, and convincing manner. Speaking skills also help to assure that one won't be misunderstood by those who are listening. The form and meaning of speaking are dependent on the context in which it occurs, thus Oral communication cannot occur in a vacuum

An object attached to a coil spring can exhibit oscillatory motion. Many kinds of oscillatory motion are sinusoidal in time, or nearly so, and are referred to as simple harmonic motion. Real systems generally have at least some friction, causing the motion to be damped. The automobile spring shown here has a shock absorber (yellow) that purposefully dampens the oscillation to make for a smooth ride. When an external sinusoidal force is exerted on a system able to oscillate, resonance occurs if the driving force is at or near the natural frequency of oscillation.

Information is derived from processing the data i.e. its first meaningful resources and therefore when processed manually, mechanically or electronically, information is obtained. Such form of processing task takes the form of classification, sorting, calculating, summarizing etc.