This is the smallest element in computer file. The bit notation forms the basis of the computer working and as such it is impossible for the human beings to appreciate its use and that is why for the logical files, which are the view of the file user, the bits are not significant.

A system is an organized, purposeful structure regarded as a whole and consisting of interrelated and interdependent elements. These elements continually influence one another (directly or indirectly) to maintain their activity and the existence of the system in order to achieve the goal of the system.

An information system is a set of interrelated components that work together to collect, process, store, and disseminate information to support decision making, coordination, control, analysis and visualization in an organization.

DATA COMMUNICATION is the electronic transmission of information that has been encoded digitally (as for storage and processing by computers). Telecommunication equipment are used to support data communication. Data refers to facts, concepts and instructions that are presented in the format that can be understood by all the parties involved.

The Internet is a public network that allows access to a number of users globally with no time and location limitations. It’s commonly referred to as information superhighway because it is assumed that any information can be acquired from the Internet and can be added to the internet websites. It can also be defined as a wide area network (WAN) that enables organizations and individuals to communicate globally. Certain protocols like SMTP for e-mail, FTP for a file transfer and HTTP for accessing/transferring web pages are important when describing the internet.

Ethics refer to the principles of right and wrong that individuals who act as free moral agents use to make choices that will guide their behavior. Although protecting personal privacy and intellectual property are on the spotlight, there are other pressing ethical issues brought about by the widespread use of information systems. This is because ICT can be used to commit crime or to threaten social values.

ISA 315 further states that the auditor should obtain an understanding of the accounting and internal control systems sufficient to plan the audit and develop an effective audit approach. The auditor should use professional judgment to assess audit risk and to design audit procedures to ensure it is reduced to an acceptably low level.

The Simplex method is an approach to solving linear programming models by hand using slack variables, tableaus, and pivot variables as a means to finding the optimal solution of an optimization problem.

Statistics is a mathematical body of science that pertains to the collection, analysis, interpretation or explanation, and presentation of data, or as a branch of mathematics. Some consider statistics to be a distinct mathematical science rather than a branch of mathematics. While many scientific investigations make use of data, statistics is concerned with the use of data in the context of uncertainty and decision making in the face of uncertainty.

This lecture is aimed at helping you to understand the concept of ‘ group dynamics thereby empowering you with knowledge and understanding of why groups exists and why people behave as they do while in groups among other things.

Security psychology is a term that brings together two important concepts being security and psychology. Security is a state of being protected or safe from harm (Merriam Webster). It is the degree of resistance to, or protection from, harm. A separation is created between the subject and the threat. Psychology is the scientific study of behaviour and mental processes in a context (Simons, Kalichman and Santrock, 1994, Santrock, 2006).

Public Trustee means the Public Trustee appointed under section 5 of the Act and includes an officer appointed in an acting capacity for that position; taxing officer means the Registrar of the court or an officer duly appointed to act for him.

Gender mainstreaming is the process of assessing the implications on men and women of any planned action, legislation, policies, programs and projects. It aims to address the concerns of men and women - alleviate inequalities. Gender mainstreaming means integrating a gender equality perspective at all stages of a project /development.

Three main windows that you will need to use to perform essential functions in an SPSS Environment; Data View,Variable View,Viewer (Output) Window.

Energy is the capacity to do work Non-Renewable Energy This is energy that comes from sources that are exhaustible or take a long time to regenerate Renewable Energy This is energy from sources that are inexhaustible, can be recycled, or take a short time to regenerate.

There are two main branches of statistics: descriptive and inferential. Descriptive statistics is used to say something about a set of information that has been collected only. Inferential statistics is used to make predictions or comparisons about a larger group (a population) using information gathered about a small part of that population.

You can manually enter data directly into SPSS Statistics by using the Data Editor. In the example below, we enter four pieces of information (name, birthday, height, gender) for each of four subjects. To open the Data Editor window, start up the SPSS Statistics program and Cancel the opening screen, which asks you what file to open.

The “Statistical Package for the Social Sciences” (SPSS) is a package of programs for manipulating, analyzing, and presenting data; the package is widely used in the social and behavioral sciences.

Organic Chemistry is a highly organized discipline and plays a major role in understanding what takes place in nature. It deals with the relationship between the structures of molecules containing carbon and their reactions

Suppose we have 2 functions, f and g, both having as a domain and suppose one of them squares each member of a domain and the other doubles each member of a domain.We wrote f(x) to represent the image of x under the function f and g(x) to represent the image of g(x) under g.i.e. f(x) =2