Alkyl halides are organic molecules containing a halogen atom bonded to an sp3 hybridized carbon atom. Alkyl halides are classified as primary (1°), secondary (2°), or tertiary (3°), depending on the number of carbons bonded to the carbon with the halogen atom

Between September 1814 and June 1815, delegations from most European countries met at Vienna to solve the problems left behind by the French Revolution and Napoleonic Era. The main decisions were made by the 'Big Four' - Austria, Russia, Prussia and Britain. France was allowed to join them to participate in discussions of less important issues.

Hii ni kozi ya awali katika mfululizo wa kozi anuwai za kiisimu atakazokumbana nazo mwanafunzi. Madhumuni ya kijumla ya kozi hii ni kumwelekeza mwanafunzi namna ya kuikabili lugha kisayansi. Aidha, kozi hii inakusudia kumwezesha mwanafunzi kutimiza madhumuni maalumu yafuatayo:

This unit is an Introduction to the fundamental theoretical questions involved in aesthetics. First, It will interrogate the background of Western literary aesthetics. Secondly, the unit will explore the aesthetic theory and literary activity in the context of the various social, cultural and historical conditions in which they develop.

African literature refers to literature of and from Africa. As George Joseph notes on the first page of his chapter on Africa literature in Understanding Contemporary Africa, while the European perception of literature generally refers to written letter, the African concept includes oral literature.

The youth have been facing have been facing a lot of challenges in the past years hence barring them from achieving their full potential in the society. This is but a few of their problems.

Theory/Introduction: This step should introduce the experiment. Include background information relevant to the experiment, important definitions, theoretical and historical background, and general methods that are going to be used.

Observing a system or process while it is in operation is an important part of the learning process, and is an integral part of understanding and learning about how systems and processes work.

Hypothesis testing allows the comparison of the two formulations to be made on objective terms, with knowledge of the risks associated with reaching the wrong conclusion.

In such a single factor experiment with a completely randomized design, the levels of the factor are randomly assigned to the experimental units in some cases, randomly selecting experimental units from each level of the factor.

In any experiment, variability arising from a nuisance factor can affect the results. Generally, we define a nuisance factor as a design factor that probably has an effect on the response, but we are not interested in that effect.

Suppose that an experimenter is studying the effects of five different formulations of a rocket propellant used in aircrew escape systems on the observed burning rate. Each formulation is mixed from a batch of raw material that is only large enough for five formulations to be tested.

A mathematical model which specifies complete probability distribution of the number of individuals in a given system at each point of time is a stochastic model.

Suppose that one particle can produce a random number of k new particles. Each of the new particles produces another random number of new particles. We assume that the particles act independently of each other and that every particle has a probability pk of producing k new particles (for k = 0, 1, 2, , . . ).

We consider a special case where the outcome of any trial depends on the outcome of the directly preceding trial, and only on it. A stochastic process with this property is referred to as a Markov Chain (or a Markov process).

An absorbing Markov Chain contains only absorbing and transient states. If the number of states is finite, a Markov process starting from any transient state will eventually end in one of the absorbing states. Suppose that there are s absorbing states and t transient states so that the transition matrix P is order (s + t).

In this Chapter, we develop probability models for some special cases of birth-and –death process involving the population size within a given system at time t. The probability generating function can be used to analyze the process in the case where the actual probability distribution cannot be obtained. We also obtain deterministic models corresponding to the given probability models.

This course will provide you with an introduction to the sociology of work. It is designed to provide you with a broad overview while giving emphasis to specific topics in detail. It is beyond the scope of this unit to cover the field of work and industry in entirety.

Computer system has three components namely: Hardware, software and liveware (computer user). A system is a collection of different entities that collectively work together to achieve a desired goal. Examples of systems are human body, social system, school system etc. A computer system is a collection of three components namely hardware, software and liveware entities that work together to receive, process, manage and present information in a meaningful format using computers

The term environment comes from a French word ‘environmer’ meaning the surrounding. It is perceived as that part of the world with which humans interact, a sum of the total natural and socio components which are or may be in direct interaction with humans. The environment is also seen as a social construct made up of four dimensions; the biophysical, social, economic and political dimensions. The environment with its dimensions form a system whose dimensions interact affect and is affected by other dimensions. When any of the dimensions is affected negatively or positively the entire environment is affected. Environment is a system made up of components that interact with each other, the environment is complex system affecting the development of humanity, and it provides resources for economic growth and for ecological and social wellbeing.