ABSTRACT Digital visitor counter is necessary to count how many people entered into a specific area or how many items are generated in a firm. It helps in counting of people in an auditorium or hall for seminar to avoid congestion. It is a simple electronic circuit which is totally based on the analogue and digital circuit. This is because it has some part of analogue and digital part(7 segment display) in analogue the main part is LDR(Light Dependent Resistor). How does digital visitor counter works It can simply be done by light reference and light sensor are used to detect the person and display the count using 7 segment display with the help of 4026 IC. The light reference and light senor are placed in such a way that the visitor will cross the light path when he/she enters the hall.

This research study sought to establish a unique type of a dinner dress and the most presentable one, it will provide basic information and skills regarding well grooming, a creative garment design will be made out of this research on a dinner dress which will finally familiarize people with the use of such design. The study was therefore carried at various places such as the market centers, educational institutional and boutiques around the town areas. The study therefore seeks to investigate the most acceptable and presentable dinner dress in the modern society and the effectiveness of such a dress will be seen at the end product. Literature was reviewed on managing the modern form of a dinner dress and help designers to improve their effectiveness in the design fields. Information to access the most and affordable dinner dress was gathered from the internet by googling also by using questionnaires in the research fields, market and schools. Majority of the respondents from market places and boutiques observed that work related factors and financial constraints are the major causes of rejected designs on the new fashion trends and they can attribute to.

In many occasions the disable people are neglected and abandoned. The project will mostly help the deaf people in their institution(s). Therefore as it comes the time when there is knock in the door from the client, the person inside if he/she will not hear the knock, this device will detect a knock and with the aid of a latch circuit the signal will remain to be high till is reset. Furthermore the signal will taken to the switch and makes the display (lamp) to be active, and the deaf when sees the light he/she will automatically know that there is someone at the door.

This research focuses on detection of an authorized access to residential and commercial buildings when residents are away fromthe access gate of thehouse .The system is simple reliable and touch less activator security system and uses sensor technology to revolutionized the standard of living .The system provides the best resolution to most of the problems forced by house owners in their daily life. Due to its simple electronic component nature, it is more adaptable and cost effective .the system is divided into three units which employs both the use of the dc battery and the mains supply to ensure constant power supply to the circuit. The design of the system was achieved by considering some factors such as economy, availability of the components and research materials, efficiency, compatability and portability and also durability in the design process. The system works on the principal of thetouch lesssensor. The general performance of the system depends on the presence of intruder enterrring through the door .the overall system was constructed and tested and wok perfectly. The IR theft alarm consists of infrared IR Transmitter, IR receiver and comparator IC LM358. This detector circuit can be used to detect any human entry, obstacles, theft, etc, in order to use IR detector circuit to sense human entry, the IR sensor has to be placed opposite to each other .IR rays is directly falls on IR receiver which in turn is given as input to the ic LM358 which is used as a comparator. Comparator is a circuit which compares two voltages. (Reference voltage and input voltage) produced output according to the input. The output of the comparator is given to the transistor which acts as an inverter and drives a LED and a Buzzer. Buzzer will give you sound if LED is turned ON.

This is the summary of the whole projects, the description of each chapter is summarized In chapter one, it’s the introduction part of it talks of what the project is about, what its aimed at solving in this chapter talks more of the origination of the switch, who invented it first, and how it has evolved through the years. A switch existed there before which employed “a quick break technology” which was invented by John Henry Holmes in 1884 in the shield field district of Newcastle. Therefore, the aim of this study is to develop a cost model for predicting the costs of final sub-circuits in residential electrical installations using multiple regression techniques and linear regression techniques, based on data generated from 33 sets of drawings- Architectural and Electrical drawings of Bungalows (17 bungalows) and Duplexes (16 drawings) from which also, priced bill of quantities were generated. Also the current market prices of electrical items as well as site-observation of electrical technician’s productivity were also carried out with interviews which were used in calculation of unit rates. In achieving the aim of this research work, six (6) cost models were developed; of which 5 of the 6 models will fit in real life cost prediction works. The first two (2) models was developed using multiple regression analysis to determine the final sub-circuit cost of electrical installation with Coefficient of Determination, R2 of 0.968 and 0.980 respectively. The other models were developed using linear regression analysis technique. The third model assesses the influence of GFA on final circuit cost with R2 of 0.172. The fourth model uses the number of lighting points to determine the length of cable with R2 of 0.823. Thefifth and sixth models use the length of cable to determine the length of conduits with R2 of 0.559 and 0.947 respectively. In assessing the predictive power of the cost models, model validation was carried out using seven (7) floors of 3 bungalows and 2 duplexes. The model validations/comparison further confirmed the validity of the models earlier generated as valid enough to be used as a basis in cost prediction of residential electrical installation.

Emergency light is an integral part of household electronics nowadays. We all Emergency light is used during the power failure to light up the home. As it is used during the power failure, it should last long, hence generally bright white LEDs are used in emergency light, because they produce more light and consume less power. Emergency light is very useful and popular project in DIY section. So today we are going to build a simple and cost effective emergency light. In this emergency light circuit, when the Power goes OFF, the emergency light activates automatically. We have used four bright white LEDs; more LEDs can be added to produce more light considering that total current consumption should not exceed the supply current. Ultra bright white LED consumes 3v and 20mA current.

The research was carried out purposely to come up with a well-established, quality and unique evening wear. The research will give out the basic information and skills regarding well grooming. A presentable evening garment design will be made from research Literature was review on managing the behavior of fast moving customers and the rising demand on trends and pocket friendly evening dress that will help designers improve their effectiveness in the field of designing. The research was carried out in various places that is; parties, events, markets, and in various garment making industries in Nairobi. Their way to face to face questioning that is mostly in parties and events. There was also use of questionnaires The research mostly targeted people who like partying and event managers. An evening dress depends on the type of an event that one is going to attend. The researcher came into conclusion that evening dress are liked by many, since nowadays most ladies love partying: most evening wear in market today are expensive to this project will help the ladies toafford this

This circuit is based on IR sensor where an infrared beam is continuously falling on a photodiode and whenever this infrared beam breaks by any kind of movement alarm is triggered. Infrared sensor consist an infrared LED and photodiode in which IR LED emits infrared radiation and photodiode detects the radiation photodiode conducts current in reverse direction whenever light falls on it and voltages across it changes this voltages charge is sensed by voltages comparator i.e.(LM358) and generates output accordingly. In this infrared based security alarm circuit we have placed infrared LED in front of photodiode so that IR light can directly falls in photodiode. Whenever someone moves through this beam IR rays stop falling on photodiode and Buzzer start beeping . Buzzer automatically stops after sometimes as buzzer is connected to 55 timer in mono stable mode.

Managing the student’s accommodation application process at Maasai Mara Technical Training Institute is a complex and time-sensitive task. This research work deals with the problems of managing and allocating hostels to students in Maasai Mara Technical Training Institute and to avoid the problems which occur when carried out manually. The aim of this research work “Online Hostel Management System” is to develop a web based system with a central database that will automatically allocate rooms to students, manage records related to the hostel, the system designed will keep track of all the available hostel rooms, their occupants and fund generated from hostel fee. Information for this research work was collected from two forms of data which are primary and secondary data. These are done by semi structured interviews and exploitation of the services of the library from textbooks, journals, internet and other materials for purpose of better understanding. The new system was implemented using PHP and MySQL. The result of the research is a Hostel Management and Allocation System for Maasai Mara Technical Training Institute.

The Online Vehicle Parking Reservation System (OVPRS) is a system that enables customers/drivers to reserve a parking space. It also allows the customers/drivers to view the parking status at kyebando people’s park. It was developed because the congestion and collision of the vehicle, thesystem was developed for Kyebando People’s Park located in KyebandoTherefore the project aimed at solving such problems by designing a web based system that will enable the customers/drivers to make a reservation of available parking space at people’s park. The requirements for the developed system were collected using observation and interviewing the customer and staff member from Kyebando people’s park. The data from interviews was analyzed using Microsoft Excel so as to come up with the functional, non- functional and system requirements. These requirements were later used to design the system by creating data flow diagrams and entity relationship diagrams. The designed system was implemented using different development tools which include HTML for creating interfaces, CSS for styling wed pages ,JavaScript, and Jquery for dynamism in the web pages and as an input validation tool.XAMMP was used to build the database and PHP used as a server side scripting language to connect the user interfaces to the database. The system was tested by the researchers for errors.

The scope of this project is to design, develop and test a power supply capable of taking an ac voltage and convert it into a regulated low voltage. The main working of this project is a full wave rectification which is done by bridge configuration in which four diodes are used to rectify the output the step-down transformer which steps down the voltage from 240v to 12 V.A Voltage Regulator is then used which gives a constant voltage. The main task is to get variable output by using the pair of voltage divider resistance to increase the output of the regulator in which the resistance is variable. So when increasing or decreasing the resistance of the resistor, also the voltage varies from 1Vto 12 V.The circuit also uses capacitors C1 and C2 to get constant input voltage to the regulator and also is used tosmoothen the rectified voltage to output.The power supply will be connected to the Zener voltage regulator that could supply to the load.

PROJECT TITILE: POLARITY GUARD FOR AC/DC ADAPTOR ABSTRACT The research aims at the designing and implementation of an automatic voltage regulator (AVR) with high precision and hysteresis. The AC power supplied by KPLC (Kenya Power) subjected to variation from time to time. Moreover, in rural areas supplied voltage remains lower than specified. This causes a considerable threat to the sophisticated electronic device to the computer, refrigerator, television etc. So, ensuring the input voltage to remain in a tolerable pre-specified limit has become a necessity in rural as well as some urban areas. Current system available locally lack precision and suffers the problem oscillating between two output voltage and hence creating surge at the output which can damage valuable electronics. This project handles both shortcomings and introduces the tolerable range of 12 1 voltage output. MERIT The circuit is simple but useful for wall AC/DC adaptors where it is important to reduce ripples and noise, and improve transient response of the adaptors. It can also be used in a wide range of switching and analogue power supplies. The circuit has been developed for 26V and 19V wall adaptors, but by replacing some components, it can be used for other wall adaptors with output voltage starting from 5V. When input polarity is fixed, the bridge can be replaced with simple diodes depending on requirement.

The essential use of 12V lead acid batteries in automobile engines to power incorporated electrical appliances, and also the sudden failure of vehicle charging systems that often give rise to a drain of battery cells has necessitated the construction of battery chargers suitable for fully restoring the lost charge into the required 12V battery cells. Most 12V battery charging devices built for commercial services are usually heavy and bulky and lack a protection circuit and a sensitized control circuit required for automatic deactivation of charging once the battery is fully charged. In this new design product, the size of the battery charger was made portable and light in weight to enable end users to convey it as easily as possible. Short circuits and current reverse protection were incorporated as well. A sensitized control circuit was implemented to ensure that charging is terminated immediately when the battery is fully charged. This is to avoid the possible occurrence of overcharging that may result in loss of electrolytes. In this report the components used to actualize the design work were listed and the design specifications were tabulated with the circuit diagram well detailed. The operational principle of the built charger clearly explains how the design objectives were reached. An adopted formula with example on how to calculate the charging time of a battery when using the product was derived. Design limitations, recommendations, and conclusion were stated. Various relevant tests were conducted with its corresponding results tabulated. Finally, a well labeled image which lays out views of the completely constructed battery charger is attached in order to appreciate the effort and the value of the design work. (Keywords: AC power supply, rectification, charging, deactivation, full charge) Considering, the compact shape of the battery charger, with very low ventilation an extractor fan was incorporated to drive away hot air and moisture that would be generated inside the charger compartment during operation.

Digital Visitor Counter is device or system that can read the incoming and outgoing agents or traffics that tends to visit or physically visit a place and. The system is proposed and designed in this paper that is the visitor counter that is bidirectional in feature which can read both the incoming and outgoing traffic and agents at same time securely. In this system, up to 999 incoming or outgoing visitors can be counted using microcontroller. Microcontroller is used here to make a secure count over a large number of visitors. This system is essentially required in many places where count for the visitors is needed by the administrator of that system. The design and demonstrations are produced in this paper.

DC voltage step is a type of electrical circuit that has ability to convert 1.5v to 12 v DC from a 1.5 battery without necessitating the use of transformers or customized integrated circuits. The very center of this circuit is undoubtedly an oscillator created close to a couple of transistors (t1and t2) that regulates a coil.

An A.C and D.C fluorescent tube is useful for emergency blackout as it works on D.C as well, this saves the production process under lightings. This project comprises A.C components as well as D.C components under improved conditions, this makes it useful in both urban and rural areas. When A.C power is off user can supply it with D.C power to light the house or place as well Although fluorescent lamp is a very efficient lighting device in daily life, still the high harmonic distortion and low power factor cause unnecessary energy consumption. In today’s environment demanding energy efficiency, it is important to reduce this energy loss by integrating an energy saving controller in the electromagnetic ballast of fluorescent lamps. The research presented in this thesis investigates the design and implementation of a new energy saving controller for electromagnetic fluorescent lamp network. The newly developed controller attempts to reduce power losses in both the electromagnetic ballasts and fluorescent lamps by regulating the incoming supply voltage to an optimum level. In addition, the new controller is able to adjust the illuminance level of working environment lightings under either dark or bright condition. Moreover, the function of the new controller is extended with time scheduling control capability, where the switching of lighting systems can be controlled at predetermined times based on occupancy schedule. Both simulation and practical results show that the implemented controller reduces energy consumption by at least 37.5%, by reducing the incoming supply voltage by 15%. In addition, it is desirable to have variable illuminance level control to decrease the energy losses. The experimental results show that the illuminance output level of electromagnetic ballast fluorescent lamps can be decreased by 50% using the new controller while maintaining unity power factor. Integration of the new energy saving controller into electromagnetic ballast fluorescent lamps impressively outperforms the existing electronic dimmable ballast. This new controller brings great ideas for energy saving in the use of fluorescent lamps. Keyword: energy saving, illuminance level control, voltage control, electromagnetic ballast fluorescent lamps

SENSOR BASED DETECTOR AND MONITORING SYSTEM ABSTRACT With improvement in technology and miniaturization of sensors, there have been attempts to utilize the new technology in various areas to improve the quality of human life. One main area of research that has seen adoption of the technology is the healthcare sector. The people in need of healthcare services find it very expensive this is particularly true in developing countries. With improvement in technology previously expensive hospital equipment have been redesigned using current technology. The developments have seen a trend known as Remote healthcare or previously known as Telemedicine As a result, this project was an attempt to solve a healthcare problem facing the society. The main objective of the project was to design a remote healthcare system. It was comprised of three main parts. The first part being detection of a fall, second being detection of Electrocardiogram commonly referred to as ECG or EKG(heartbeat detection) and the last part was providing the detected data for remote viewing. Remote viewing of the data enables a doctor or health specialist to monitor a patient’s health progress away from hospital premises.

short circuit has been a source of problems to the electrical components experienced by electrical technicians and engineers during the assembling of the evaluable components on the board. I have managed to come up with short circuit tester which will automatically detect and indicate the short circuit available in the assembled board. The main aim of coming with this project is to reduce the loss of life of people when short circuit occurs, maintain the life span of valuable components installed in the board and facilitate easy way of troubleshooting the component effect during the repair damaged equipment. The two NPN transistor BC547 is used in the project design to since the presence of short circuit in the electrical circuit. The designed buzzer will automatically have signaled hence turning on Red LED when there is Short circuit in the circuit under the tester thus creating awareness.

The purpose of the course is to introduce students to the key development research issues necessary to critically use and evaluate qualitative and quantitative data. The course unit aims to provide an understanding of the underlying principles of development research methodology that will complement and extend the more specialized knowledge students derive from their professional or academic disciplinary background. The course will focus on different kinds of research methodologies, highlighting their strengths and weaknesses, and how these can be integrated.

Download a copy of the TARGETER WINGS 004 GRADE 8 EXAMS. The Document contains all the Subject Areas in Grade 8 together with a marking scheme attached. This is a good resource for your revision.