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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM DISORDERS
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Review of anatomy and physiology
i) Nose
A. Structure
The nose and mouth allow air to flow in and out of the body. They also humidify inhaled air, which reduces irritation of the mucous membranes.
B. Functions
1. Passage for incoming and outgoing air, filtering, warming and
moisturizing
2. Organ of smell; the nares (nostrils) contain olfactory receptor
sites and provide the body’s sense of smell.
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THYROID DISORDERS
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The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped organ located in the lower neck anterior to the trachea.
• It consists of two lateral lobes connected by an isthmus.
• The gland is about 5 cm long and 3 cm wide and weighs about 30 g.
• The blood flow to the thyroid is very high (about 5 mL/min per gram of thyroid tissue), about five times the blood flow to the liver. This reflects the high metabolic activity of the thyroid gland.
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PARATHYROID DISORDERS
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Parathyroid gland is located on the neck, embedded in the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland.
• They are four in number
• Parathormone, a protein hormone, regulates calcium and phosphate metabolism.
• Increased production results in increased calcium absorption from the kidney, the intestines and the bones.
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COPD (CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISORDER)
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is the third leading cause of death worldwide, causing 3.23 million deaths in 2019 .Over 80% of these deaths occurred in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC).COPD causes persistent and progressive respiratory symptoms, including difficulty in breathing, cough and/or phlegm production. COPD results from long-term exposure to harmful gases and particles combined with individual factors, including events which influence lung growth in childhood and genetics. Environmental exposure to tobacco smoke, indoor air pollution, and occupational dusts, fumes, and chemicals are important risk factors for COPD. Early diagnosis and treatment, including smoking cessation support, is needed to slow the progression of symptoms and reduce flare ups.(WHO,2019)
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM DISORDERS
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Acute Pharyngitis is an inflammation or infection in the throat usually characterized by sore throat
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GRADE 8 AGRICULTURE AND NUTRITION SCHEME TERM 3
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Explore Grade 8 Rationalized Agriculture and Nutrition for Term 3, designed for educators seeking comprehensive teaching resources.
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Hypertensive Disorders in Pregnancy
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Hypertensive disorders complicating pregnancy are common and are among the three (with hemorrhage and infection) leading
causes of death. Pregnancy can induce hypertension (HTN) or
aggravate pre-existing hypertension.
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Hematologic disorders Anatomy and procedures
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Hematologic system consists of ; blood and sites where blood is produced, (bone marrow and the reticuloendothelial system (RES).
• Blood is composed of plasma and various types of cells.
• Plasma is the fluid portion of blood; it contains various proteins, such as albumin, globulin, fibrinogen, and other factors necessary for clotting, as well as electrolytes, waste products, and nutrients.
• About 55% of blood volume is plasma.
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MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM DISORDERS
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Anatomy and physiology
• There are 206 bones in the human body, divided into four categories:
• Long bones (eg, femur)
• Short bones (eg, metacarpals)
• Flat bones (eg, sternum)
• Irregular bones (eg, vertebrae)
• The shape and construction of a specific bone are determined by its function and the forces exerted on it
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HAEMATOLOGIC DISORDERS
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It is an abnormally increased concentration of haemoglobin in the blood, either through reduction of plasma volume or increase in red cell numbers. People with polycythemia have an increase in hematocrit, hemoglobin or
red blood cell count above the normal limits.
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MANAGEMENT OF FRACTURES
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In fracture management, the objectives of the treatment are as follows:
• To regain and maintain the normal alignment of the injured part.
• To regain normal function of the injured part.
• To achieve the above objectives for the patient in the shortest time possible.
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Blood transfusion
Blood transfusion is the transfusion of whole blood or its
components such as blood cells or plasma from one person to
another person.
Blood transfusion involves two procedures;
• Collection of blood from a donor
• Administration of blood to the recipient.
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Anatomy of the neurological system
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Consists of two divisions:
• The central nervous system (CNS), including the brain and spinal cord, and
• The peripheral nervous system, made up of the cranial
and spinal nerves.
• The peripheral nervous system can be further divided into
• The somatic, or voluntary, nervous system, and
• The autonomic, or involuntary, nervous system.
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Cardiovascular Anatomy
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The heart’s primary function is to pump blood to all parts of the body. The circulating blood not only brings oxygen and nutrients to the body’s tissues but also helps to take away the body’s waste products. Its essential to understand the structure and function of the heart in health and in disease in order to understand the assessment skills.
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Cardiovascular disorders
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Cardiac surgery -performed on the heart to correct life- threatening conditions.
Types of heart surgeries
The surgery can be either;
OPEN HEART SURGERY
CLOSED HEART SURGERY
MINIMALLY INVASIVE SURGERY depending on the
conditions to be corrected.
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NEUROLOGICAL NURSING
Anatomic and Physiologic Overview
• The nervous system consists of two divisions:
Central nervous system (CNS), including the brain and spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system (PNS), made up of the cranial and spinal nerves.
• The peripheral nervous system can be further divided into:
Somatic, or voluntary, nervous system
Autonomic, or involuntary, nervous system
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Altered level of consciousness
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altered level of consciousness is defined as a condition of being less responsive to and aware of environmental stimuli.
• LOC is gauged on a continuum with a normal state of alertness and full cognition(consciousness) on one end and coma on the other end.
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GRADE 8 AGRICULTURE AND NUTRITION SCHEME TERM 1
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Explore Grade 8 Rationalized Agriculture and nutrition Schemes of Work for Term 1 by designed for educators seeking comprehensive teaching resources.
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NEOPLASMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE HEART AND THE MANAGEMENT
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Tumors of the heart are rare; most (75% to 88%) are benign (Braunwald et al., 2001;
Kamiya et al., 2001).
• Primary tumors occur in less than 1% of the population; metastatic tumors have been
• reported in 1.5% to 35% of oncology patients (Braunwald et al., 2001; Reynan, 1996;
Shapiro, 2001).
• Tumors may be sites for thrombus formation and therefore create a risk of embolism.
• Dysrhythmias may occur as the myocardium or conduction system is affected.
PRIMARY CARDIAC TUMOURS
BENIGN
1. Myxoma
2. Papillary fibroelastoma
3. Fibroma
4. Lipoma
5. Rhabdomyomas
1. MYXOMA
• Myxoma is a noncancerous tumor that arises from connective tissue, which is tissue that connects and supports other tissues all over the body.
• Show familial pattern of tumor development based on autosomal dominant inheritance.
• Mostly occur after trauma or even surgery i.e atrial septal defects, valve repairs.
• Present with signs of right ventricle failure
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GRADE 3 KISWAHILI SCHEME TERM ONE
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Explore Grade 3 Rationalized kiswahili Schemes of Work for Term 1 , designed for educators seeking comprehensive teaching resources.
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