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Antiseptics and Disinfectants
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Antiseptics and disinfectants are locally acting
antimicrobial drugs. These agents are used to reduce acquisition and transmission of infection. Drugs suitable for antisepsis and disinfection cannot be used internally because of toxicity. As a rule, agents used as disinfectants are too harsh for application to living tissue
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ANTI-TUBERCULAR AGENTS
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here are 4 primary drugs (first-line) used in the treatment
(RIFAFOUR)
Rifampicin (R)
Isoniazid (H)
Pyrazinamide (Z)
Ethambutol (E)
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ANTITHYROID DRUGS
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Antithyroid drugs are drugs used to lower the functional capacity of hyperactive thyroid glands, they are hormone antagonists actions upon thyroid hormones.
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BASIC CONCEPTS IN MEDICAL SURGICAL NURSING PRACTICE
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The health care industry, in the world, Kenya included has experienced profound changes during the past several decades. Nursing, as a health care profession and a major component of the health care delivery system, is significantly affected by shifts in the health care industry. In addition, nursing has been and will continue to be an important force in shaping the future of the health care system.
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Beta lactam antibiotics
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Penicillins
• Penicillin was the first antibiotic introduced for clinical use.
• Sir Alexander Fleming used Penicillium molds to produce the original penicillin in the 1920s
• Penicillins include: penicillinase-resistant penicillins:-Oxacillin, dicloxacillin, and nafcillin which are naturally resistant to certain beta-lactamases.
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Cardiovascular system
If the coronary blood supply is not sufficient to meet the needs of the heart, the result may be ischemia, injury or an infarction (necrosis) of the heart muscle itself.
• tHe left main coronary artery branches into;
•left circumflex coronary artery
•left anterior descending (LAD) coronary
artery.
• The right coronary artery (RCA) supplies nutrients and oxygen to the right atrium, the right ventricle and the inferior wall of the left ve
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CHANGES DURING PREGNANCY
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A mother should be ready in all aspects:
physically, mentally, socially, economically.
Genetic testing and counselling
Proper nutrition
Treatment of existing diseases and conditions
Prevention of unwanted pregnancies
Consideration for extreme ages
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FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING
• A nurse who wishes to be an effective caregiver must first learn how to communicate effectively.
• Good communication skills enable nurses to get to know their patients,
take history, diagnose, plan and meet their needs for nursing care.
• To adequately document the patient’s health history, communication techniques are important.
• Communication skills are therefore the building blocks of professional relationships between nurse and client, and the nurse and co- workers.
• Good skills help in exchange of ideas to facilitate problem solving.
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Principles of pharmacology
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Pharmacology is the study of the biological effects of chemicals.
• Pharmacognosy- is the study of medicines or crude drugs produced from natural sources such as plants, microbes, and animals
• After a drug is administered, it is called a medication.
• Drugs- A drug is a chemical agent capable of producing biologic responses within the body.
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CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS
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Facts about the heart;
The heart weighs 200 to 425 grams and is a
little larger than the size of your fist. Each day, the average heart beats 100,000
times, pumping about 7,571 liters of blood.
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CYSTOSCOPY
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It’s the examination of the inside of the bladder. Ureters renoscopy ( URS)is examination of the upper urinary tract(ureter and renal pelvis and calyes. A cystoscope is a long thin optical instrument with eye piece at one end a rigid or flexible tube in the middle and the tiny lens and the light at the other end of the tube the cystoscope is inserted into patient’s urethra and the small lens magnify the inner lining
of the urethra and bladder allowing to see the hollow bladder .
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DISEASE-MODIFYING ANTIRHEUMATIC DRUGS (DMARDs)
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Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
(NSAIDs) are administered to patients
suffering from rheumatoid arthritis(RA)
mainly to offer symptomatic relief (reduce
inflammation and pain) hence preserve
function
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DIURETICS
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Factors that influence urine production include
Glomerular filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Tubular secretion.
Many substances increase urine production by the normal kidney including dietary components such as water, osmotically active salts and sugars and xanthines
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DRUG ERRORS
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Errors are an integral part of human life.
According to the National Coordinating Council for Medication
Error Reporting and Prevention, a medication error is defined as "any preventable event that may cause or lead to inappropriate medication use or patient harm while the medication is in the control of the healthcare professional, patient, or consumer,”. Such events may be related to professional practice, healthcare products, procedures, and systems, including prescribing; order communication; product labeling, packaging and catalogue; compounding; dispensing; distribution; administration; education; monitoring; and use
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Drugs acting on CVS
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Hypertension is a sustained state of higher-than normal BP that can lead to blood vessel damage and damage to small vessels in the organs. A decrease in blood flow to the kidneys triggers the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, by which the blood vessels constrict and water is retained. This activity increases blood pressure and restores blood flow to the kidney
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GRADE 8 SOCIAL STUDIES SCHEME TERM 2
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Enhance your Grade 8 Social studies teaching with Term 2 Rationalized Schemes of Work. Perfect resource for teachers. Reference Book.
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GRADE 8 MATHEMATICS SCHEME TERM 3
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Enhance your Grade 8 mathematics teaching with Term 3 Rationalized Schemes of Work. Perfect resource for teachers. Reference Book.
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GRADE 8 KISWAHILI SCHEME TERM 3
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Enhance your Grade 8 kiswahili teaching with Term 3 Rationalized Schemes of Work. Perfect resource for teachers. Reference Book.
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GRADE 8 KISWAHILI SCHEME TERM 2
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Enhance your Grade 8 kiswahili teaching with Term 2 Rationalized Schemes of Work. Perfect resource for teachers. Reference Book.
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GRADE 8 CREATIVE ARTS AND SPORTS SCHEME TERM 2
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Enhance your Grade 8 creative arts and sports teaching with Term 2 Rationalized Schemes of Work. Perfect resource for teachers. Reference Book.
22 Pages
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Uploaded: 2025-01-15