WELL SUMMARIZED NOTES FOR GRADE 9 AND ALL OTHER PURSUING COMPUTER COURSE

2025 RATIONALIZED PP2 CREATIVE ACTIVITIES SCHEME OF WORK TERM 3

TERM 3 PP2 RATIONALIZED CRE SCHEME OF WORK 2025

TERM 3 PP2 RATIONALIZED MATHEMATICS SCHEME OF WORK 2025

TERM 3 PP2 RATIONALIZED ENVIRONMENTAL ACTIVITIES SCHEME OF WORK 2025

TERM 3 PP2 RATIONALIZED LANGUAGE ACTIVITIES SCHEME OF WORK 2025

This project develops an automatic changeover switch utilizing a contactor and a multifunction timer relay to ensure an uninterrupted power supply. The design facilitates seamless switching between multiple power sources, enhancing reliability and efficiency. Detailed implementation steps and testing results are provided, demonstrating the system's effectiveness in maintaining power continuity.

This research aims at determining the effectiveness of tracking system, which has two axes in enhancing the solar energy collection in the part of Kisii . As the world becomes conscious of pollution and the usage of fossil fuels becomes deemed unsustainable, there is hope in other forms of energy such as solar energy. However, the effectiveness of solar panel depends on the fact of their capacity to follow the movement of the sun during the day. For the sake of improvement of the orientation of the solar panels, this research links a dual axis tracking technique to it. A number of simulations and empirical data collecting are provided to estimate the effectiveness of dual-axis tracking system in comparison with the fixed-mount solar panels. This study shows that great advances were made in terms of energy production and efficiency where the tracking system has been installed especially during the times of low sun position and in the fluctuations of season. In addition, economic and environmental consequences are analyzed and current economic opportunities and potential impacts of this technology on energy security and carbon neutrality goals of Kisii are also described. To policymakers, energy planners as well as investors who intend to support renewable energy systems in Kisii and other regions with high solar irradiation, this study holds a lot of potentials.

The project is aimed at achieving integral cycle switching, a process of removing portions of cycles of an AC signal. The controlling of AC power is very important. Generally phase angle control is used for controlling AC power but due to that a sustainable amount of harmonics are generated in the system. This is found in linear loads for example heaters used in furnaces. This technique introduces lesser amount of harmonics. However the concept of achieving the integral cycle control by use of microcontroller can be very accurate as per the program written in assembly / C language so that the actual average voltage or current obtained at the load is comparatively lower than the whole signal if applied to the load. In place of a linear load to be used in the output, a series motor, fan or lamp can be used to verify the output. The disadvantage of using this scheme is unstable input current or voltage waveform as the cycles are switched on and off. In this technique we are using comparator for zero crossing detection which is fed as an interrupt to Atmega 328p microcontroller. Here the microcontroller delivers the output based on the interrupt given as input as the reference for generating triggering pulses. Using these pulses, we drive the opto-isolators for triggering the TRIAC to achieve integral cycle control as per the input switches interfaced to the microcontroller. A lamp or a fan is provided in this project in place of a motor for demonstration purpose. This project can be improved in feature by using a feedback mechanism so that everything becomes automatic to maintain the required output to the load.

Lightning is a natural atmospheric phenomenon that occurs during thunderstorms, resulting from the discharge of electricity between clouds or between a cloud and the ground. It can produce immense energy, generating voltages of up to 100 million volts, which can cause catastrophic damage to structures, electrical systems, and pose severe risks to human safety. In regions like Rwanda, where thunderstorms are established, the potential for lightning strikes is a pressing concern for educational, particularly those with growing infrastructures such as Kigali Independent University (KNP). The increasing frequency of these storms underscores the need for effective lightning protection systems (LPS) to safeguard both facilities and occupants. Many buildings at KNP lacked suitable protection against lightning, which led to disruptions in electrical systems, damage to equipment, and potential hazards for students and staff. To address these challenges, a comprehensive design and implementation plan for a lightning protection system was developed. This solution involved installing air terminals on significant structures to intercept lightning strikes, connecting them to down conductors that safely direct lightning energy into a well-designed grounding system. Surge protection devices (SPDs) were also integrated to protect sensitive electronic equipment within classrooms and administrative offices. The implementation process included thorough risk assessments to identify vulnerable areas, strategically positioning air terminals throughout the campus, and ensuring that all terminals were connected to down conductors for low-resistance grounding. Regular maintenance and inspections were planned to guarantee the system's ongoing functionality. The successful implementation of the lightning protection system at KNP has resulted in substantial benefits for the university community, enhancing safety and reducing the risk of lightning-related incidents, while also raising awareness about the importance of lightning safety and disaster preparedness in educational settings. This initiative serves as a valuable model for other schools and universities and beyond.

In modern society, we cannot imagine the life without electricity. Most of the equipment requires a continuous supply of electricity. Not only industry, but also in the household. Power failure may be caused by several of factors such as overload on the power plant, a thunderstorm, and cable breakage during excavations. There are many sections to the Electric Power System Power, is transmitted from generating stations and substations to consumers via distribution system line lines, one of which is the distribution system line system. It is possible for both methods to encounter various types of malfunctions, also known as faults. When the insulation of a power system fails at any point, a number of undesirable but unavoidable incidents are able to temporarily disrupt the stable operation of the power system. A smart GSM-based fault detection system accurately and appropriately detects and locates the fault; As a result technical crews will respond more quickly to rectify these faults, reducing the chances of transformer damage and disasters. A voltage transformer and a GSM modem are used in the system. The fault information is then transmitted to the control room. We have R, Y, and B as three phases, when there is a failure in one among the three phases this system alerts the authorized person through an SMS, This system indicates the power failure by displaying the value of voltage on the LCD display. This type of loss is referred as a ‘single phasing’ and it is caused by a lightning strike, broken power line, or mechanical failure in switching equipment. This advanced system monitors the failure,In conclusion, the time required to locate a fault is greatly reduced, since the system automatically and accurately provides fault information. With this project, it is possible to detect the faults of three phase distribution system line lines, as well as monitor voltage current and frequency error by using a GSM modem. When one among the three-phases of a system gets lost, it may cause a phase loss. Then this system alerts the authorized person by informing about the disconnected phase through an SMS. This is the way by which the authorized person gets notified about the power failure and he can take the necessary steps to solve the issue.

This project entitled “Design and Implementation of a Smart Digital Thermometer System” aims to explore the effectiveness and benefits of using smart digital thermometers to maintain safety standards. The main objective is to evaluate how a smart digital thermometer can help prevent dangerous temperature through an email alert. This project aims to address these challenges by creating a smart thermometer with wireless connectivity for remote monitoring, making it suitable for use in environmental safety. The methodology employed in this research involves a mixed-methods approach, combining a review of existing literature on smart digital thermometer security technologies in various environments. The study results revealed that smart digital thermometers provide more accurate and reliable temperature measurements, are easy to use, and can be integrated into broader preventive safety management systems. Additionally, their ability to provide real-time alerts via mobile apps or connected systems has been shown to significantly improve response times during critical temperature fluctuations. Based on these findings, it is recommended that general industry, especially small businesses and households, adopt smart digital thermometers as part of their standard preventive security protocols. Further research should focus on the cost-benefit analysis of widespread implementation and potential integration with other preventive security technologies.

This research focuses on developing a smart fire extinguishing system for gas cooking rooms to enhance household safety. The system is designed to detect gas leaks and fires, and automatically extinguish them before they escalate. It employs gas sensors, smoke detectors, a GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) for notification, and automatic extinguishing mechanisms. Key components of the system include gas sensors that detect leaks, smoke detectors that identify fire, GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) technology is incorporated to send realtime alerts to occupants' mobile phones and emergency services, ensuring immediate awareness and response, and an automatic response system that activates water sprinklers or chemical extinguishers. The system also alerts occupants and emergency services. Tests show that the system quickly detects hazards and responds in real-time, significantly reducing response times and effectively preventing gas cooking fires. This innovative solution enhances domestic safety and can be integrated with smart home technologies for improved risk management. In conclusion, the smart fire extinguishing system for gas cooking rooms offers a reliable, automatic response to fire hazards, improving household safety and providing a foundation for future advancements in smart home safety solutions.

My project is designed to ensure security based on a Smart home firefighting system. This idea comes after observing some problems and risks caused by fire. Therefore, a smart home firefighting system was designed as one of the solutions needed for building protection because it uses some components to do it tasks based on its design and implementation composed of a smoke sensor used to sense the smoke in the serve room The project is used to notify user about the fire accident at home and correct those fire by using water pump in avoiding the absence of people and people’s goods. Otherwise, user can receive the short message about their house wherever they are using mobile phone. It is designed to reduce the risk of more severe fire damage when the fire broke and make it minimum. With this system, it can help users in many aspects, especially to notify the user to make a call and send a message to user, so you can take early steps that can overcome the blaze spread rapidly The hardware implementation in this project is a smoke sensor, GSM, buzzer, microcontroller and water pump. The result from this project is useful to be implemented in home and industrial to help in the risk of death and injuries furthermore to avoid the losses that need to be borne by the victims.

modern agriculture, the integration of technology is becoming increasingly pivotal for enhancing livestock security and efficiency. This project, titled “Design and Implement Smart livestock monitoring system,” aims to develop a comprehensive solution utilizing three ESP32CAMs and three ultrasonic sensors to safeguard agricultural assets and improve real-time monitoring. The core objectives of this project are twofold: first, to detect and alert the presence of people or other animals approaching the farm, and second, to provide farmers with instant video access for remote monitoring and assessment. The system operates by strategically placing ESP32CAMs at key points within the farm, equipped with ultrasonic sensors for precise detection. Upon detecting any potential intrusion, the system triggers an immediate SMS notification to the farmer, allowing for rapid response to potential threats. Furthermore, the ESP32-CAMs continuously capture and store video footage, which can be accessed remotely by the farmer at any time. This feature not only aids in security but also serves as a valuable tool for farm management and surveillance. The " Design and Implement Smart livestock Monitoring System” represents an innovative and cost-effective solution that enhances livestock security, reduces potential losses, and empowers farmers with real-time insights into their agricultural operations. By leveraging the capabilities of ESP32-CAMs and ultrasonic sensors, this project contributes to the modernization of agriculture, ensuring its sustainability and productivity.

The design and implementation of a 3-phase motor using a single-phase power supply with the aid of a capacitor addresses a key challenge in electrical motor systems, particularly in areas where 3-phase power is unavailable or impractical. 3-phase motors are known for their efficiency, reliability, and smooth operation, which makes them ideal for industrial applications. However, many environments only provide single-phase power, necessitating conversion techniques to operate these motors effectively. This project explores the development of a phase conversion method using a start and run capacitor to create the required phase shift that allows a 3-phase motor to run on a singlephase power source. Capacitors are used to generate an artificial phase, thereby creating a pseudo-3-phase system. The design focuses on the optimal selection of capacitors to ensure the balance between phases, improve motor efficiency, and reduce vibration and noise. This approach is both cost-effective and practical for small to medium-scale motor applications. The implementation involved the detailed analysis of the motor's electrical requirements, the calculation of capacitance values necessary to achieve proper phase shifting, and the design of the connection circuitry. Testing and performance evaluation showed that while the 3-phase motor operating with a single-phase input through a capacitor arrangement does not achieve the full performance of a true 3-phase power system, it is still adequate for many applications where high power or precision control is not critical. This system provides a practical and affordable solution for running 3-phase motors in environments constrained by single-phase power supplies, making it a viable option for industries and small businesses like development country as Rwanda.

The design and implementation of a 3-phase motor using a single-phase power supply with the aid of a capacitor addresses a key challenge in electrical motor systems, particularly in areas where 3-phase power is unavailable or impractical. 3-phase motors are known for their efficiency, reliability, and smooth operation, which makes them ideal for industrial applications. However, many environments only provide single-phase power, necessitating conversion techniques to operate these motors effectively. This project explores the development of a phase conversion method using a start and run capacitor to create the required phase shift that allows a 3-phase motor to run on a single-phase power source. Capacitors are used to generate an artificial phase, thereby creating a pseudo-3phase system. The design focuses on the optimal selection of capacitors to ensure the balance between phases, improve motor efficiency, and reduce vibration and noise. This approach is both cost-effective and practical for small to medium-scale motor applications. The implementation involved the detailed analysis of the motor's electrical requirements, the calculation of capacitance values necessary to achieve proper phase shifting, and the design of the connection circuitry. Testing and performance evaluation showed that while the 3-phase motor operating with a single-phase input through a capacitor arrangement does not achieve the full performance of a true 3-phase power system, it is still adequate for many applications where high power or precision control is not critical. This system provides a practical and affordable solution for running 3-phase motors in environments constrained by single-phase power supplies, making it a viable option for industries and small businesses like development country

Abstract Transmission line is the most important part of the power system. Transmission lines a principal amount of power. the major role of a transmission line is to transmit electric power from the source area to the distribution network. The exploded between limited production, and a tremendous claim has grown the focus on minimizing power losses. Losses like transmission loss and also conjecture factors as like as physical losses to various technical losses, another thing is the primary factor it has a reactive power and voltage deviation are momentous in the long-range transmission power line. In essentially, fault analysis is a very focusing issue in power system engineering to clear fault in short time and re-establish power system as quickly as possible on very minimum interruption. However, the fault detection that interrupts the transmission line is itself challenging task to investigate fault as well as improving the reliability of the system. The transmission line is susceptible given all parameters that connect the whole power system. This paper presents a review of transmission line fault detection.

To design an automatic load monitoring system that will monitor loads AC power supply at a reduced cost with ease of operation and maintainability 1.4.2 Specific objective To design an electronic circuit using circuit wizard software and to be integrated with the existing electrical wiring connected to different electronic components. To develop a circuit and understand the principle of operation of each components used through simulation software like circuit wizard. To test and implement the design on the printed circuit board.

This project presents a comprehensive study on DC microgrids, emphasizing their significance, design, and implementation in modern energy systems. As the demand for efficient, reliable, and sustainable energy solutions grows, DC microgrids emerge as a promising alternative to traditional AC grids. This book explores the fundamental concepts and benefits of DC microgrids, including their ability to enhance energy efficiency, integrate renewable energy sources, and improve power quality. The proposal outlines a systematic approach to designing a DC microgrid, incorporating key components such as energy storage systems, power converters, and control strategies. By examining case studies and current advancements in the field, this book provides a detailed framework for the successful deployment and optimization of DC microgrids. The insights offered aim to guide researchers, engineers, and policymakers in advancing the development of resilient and innovative energy infrastructure. The increasing demand for reliable and sustainable energy solutions has led to significant advancements in microgrid technology. Unlike traditional AC grids, DC microgrids offer several advantages such as reduced conversion losses, improved system stability, and enhanced compatibility with renewable energy sources. This book aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the design, implementation, and management of DC microgrids.