Sovereignty of the people refers to power by which the state is governed, where the people surrender to the state the right to govern therefore making the government an agent of the people. Article 1 of the constitution of Kenya states that, “all sovereign power belongs to the people of Kenya and shall be exercised only in accordance with the constitution. The people may exercise their sovereign power either directly or through their democratically elected representatives. Sovereign power under this constitution is delegated to state organs which shall perform their functions in accordance with the constitution.

1. Introduction to Social Statistics Social statistics is the use of statistical measurement tools to study human/social behavior in a social environment. This can be accomplished through drawing a particular group of people, evaluating a particular subset of data obtained about a group of people, or by observation and statistical analysis of a set of data that relates to people and their behaviours. Social scientists use social statistics for many purposes, which include: 1) the evaluation of the quality of services provided to a specific group or by a certain organization, 2) analyzing behaviors of groups of people in their environment and special situations, and 3) determining the wants or needs of people through statistical sampling

APS 212: Child Psychology is a course offered within the Bachelor of Psychology degree course. This course introduces students to the many different perspectives in child psychology. It is designed to provide the learner with the knowledge, and skills required relevant to child and family counseling as well as dealing with children in care settings. Focus will be given to theories of child development, stages of development and the factors affecting development of children.

DEFINITION OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY Abnormal psychology is the branch of psychology that studies unusual patterns of thoughts, feelings and behavior. CRITERIA FOR DEFINING ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY The criteria for defining abnormal psychology/ behavior include: 1. Personal distress: subjective experience of emotional suffering (e.g., anxiety, depression) 2. Statistical rarity: has unusual behaviors (e.g., binge eating), IQ way above or below the average 3. Maladaptive behavior: has impaired functioning (e.g., insomnia). There is difficulty in carrying out everyday functions (e.g., work, maintaining relationships) in an adaptive manner. Under this definition, a person is considered abnormal if they are unable to cope with the demands of everyday life. They may be unable to perform the behaviors necessary for day-today living e.g. self-care, hold down a job, interact meaningfully with others. Rosenhan & Seligman (1989) suggested the following characteristics that define failure to function adequately:

This lecture is aimed at helping you to understand the concept of ‘ group dynamics thereby empowering you with knowledge and understanding of why groups exists and why people behave as they do while in groups among other things. The main areas covered in this module are: introduction to group dynamics, group development models, models of group formation and development, conflicts in groups, power and leadership, group decision-making, mob psychology, interaction styles in groups, group and change and communication in groups

Security psychology is a term that brings together two important concepts being security and psychology. Security is a state of being protected or safe from harm (Merriam Webster). It is the degree of resistance to, or protection from, harm. A separation is created between the subject and the threat. Psychology is the scientific study of behaviour and mental processes in a context (Simons, Kalichman and Santrock, 1994, Santrock, 2006). Behaviours represent the actions and therefore are easily observed and studied. The mental processes are the feelings, cognitions, beliefs, values and motives and therefore are not directly observed. The context is the environment in which they prevail. Security psychology refers to the study of mental processes in the context of security. It is application of psychological concepts in the field of security

CHAPTER ONE: NATURE, FUNCTION AND MODELS OF ENVIRONMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY DEFINITION OF ENVIRONMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY Environmental psychology is an interdisciplinary field focused on the interplay between human’s actions or behaviors and their surroundings. The field defines the term environment broadly, encompassing natural environments, social settings, built environments, learning environments and informational environment. Ingredients of the definition i) Interdicplinary-involves the combining of two or more academic fields into one single discipline ii) The natural environment encompasses all living and non-living things occurring naturally on earth or some region thereof. It is an environment that encompasses the interaction of all living species The concept of the natural environment can be distinguished by components: Complete ecological units that function as natural systems without massive human intervention, including all vegetation , microorganism, soils, atmosphere, natural phenomena that occur within their boundaries Universal natural resources and physical phenomena that lack clear cut boundaries, such as air, water, climate as well as energy, radiations, electric charges and magnetism not originating from human activity. iii) The social environment of an individual, also called social context or milieu, is the culture that s/he was educated and/or lives in, and the people and institutions with whom the person interacts

This module entails a study of the theory underlying behavior modification. Meaning of behavior and behavior modification; Classical conditioning; Operant conditioning; Principles of behavior modification; Therapeutic techniques and Application of behavior modification; Areas of application of Behavior Modification

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