Post Mortem Examination • Post Mortem Inspection - examination of carcasses and organs after slaughter to assess whether these products are fit for human consumption • Edible products - fit for human consumption; includes meat, certain offal, casing etc. from animals which have been examined and passed by an inspector • Inedible products - meat products which are not fit for human consumption e.g. horn, hair, bone, bristle, blood • Condemned meat - meat and meat products which have been found by an inspector not to be fit for human consumption. Includes diseased and defective carcasses or part of carcasses and severely contaminated products

Enzymes Enzymes are biocatalysts the catalysts of life. A catalyst is defined as a substance that increases the velocity or rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any change in the overall process. Enzymes may be defined as biocatalysts synthesized by living cells. Their basic properties include, They are protein in nature (exception - RNA acting as ribozyme), colloidal and thermolabile in character, and specific in their action. In the laboratory, hydrolysis of proteins by a strong acid at 100oC takes at least a couple of days. The same protein is fully digested by the enzymes in gastrointestinal tract at body temperature (37oC) within a couple of hours. This remarkable difference in the chemical reactions taking place in the living system is exclusively due to enzymes. The very existence of life is unimaginable without the presence of enzymes. Enzymes catalyse a specific substance called a substrate. Role of enzymes in biochemical reactions Enzymes are biological catalysts that increase the rate or velocity, v, of many physiologic reactions yet are not used up in the reaction and are synthesized by living cells. Enzymes are specialized proteins found and produced by living cells and act as biological catalysts a. In the absence of enzymes, most reactions in the body would proceed so slowly that life would be impossible. Some chemical reactions are only possible by enzymes. C. A deficiency in enzyme activity can cause disease. a. Inherited absence or mutations in enzymes involved in critical metabolic pathways e.g. the urea cycle or glycogen metabolism are referred to as inborn errors of metabolism. If not detected soon after birth, these conditions can lead to serious metabolic derangements in infants and even death. b. An enzyme deficiency can produce a deficiency of the product of the reaction it catalyzes, which may inhibit other reactions that depend on availability of that product. c. Accumulation of the substrate or metabolic byproducts of the substrate due to an enzyme deficiency can have profound physiologic consequences. d. Most inborn errors of metabolism manifest after birth because the exchange of metabolites between mother and fetus provides for fetal metabolic needs in utero. e. Therapeutic strategies for enzyme deficiency diseases include dietary modification and potential gene therapy or direct enzyme replacement

HISTORY OF BUILDING Introduction Evolution of built envelopment Building construction is the art of providing shelter to human being. It is the oldest industry which started with the existence of man. This is because man had to protect himself from atmospheric inconveniences such as rain, wind, sunshine, snow etc. The first pre historic man who lived during Stone Age lived in caves which were either excavated on stone or on firm grounds. The excavation tools being sharp stones or sharpened pieces of wood. As man continued to become more civilized there came to existence of constructed shelters such as traditional grass thatched houses with mud walls e.g. maasai manyattas, the Eskimo igloos etc. Today we have modern construction technology in building industry with very much diversified fields such as:- - Masonry / concreting - Plumbing / drainage works - Carpentry / joinery - Painting - Electrical works - Air conditioning - Gases installation - Tilling

Preliminary items for the works 1. Site services a. Water An adequate supply of wholesome drinking water and construction water should be provided and maintained at suitable points conveniently accessible to all persons employed. b. Electricity It is essential for running plant that is electric as well as aiding in communication channels. c. Telephone Construction works involves teamwork hence communication should be clear, concise, complete and correct. d. Access roads and parking areas Restrictions such as rights of way, tree preservation and ancient buildings should be considered. e. Hoarding and fencing A building site and the compound can be given a degree of protection by surrounding with a fence. The fence fulfils two functions: • It defines the limit of the site or compound; • It acts as a deterrent to the would-be trespasser or thief. A fence can be constructed to provide a physical barrier of solid construction or a virtual barrier of open- work construction.

Entrepreneurship may be defined as the visualization and realization of new ideas by insightful individuals, who are able to use information and mobilize resources to implement their vision. Entrepreneurship is the ability (i.e., knowledge plus skills) of a person to translate ideas of commencing a business unit into reality by setting up a business on ground to serve the needs of society and the nation, in the hope of profits

Definition Accounting is defined as the process of identifying, measuring and reporting economic information to the users of this information to permit informed judgment Many businesses carry out transactions. Some of these transactions have a financial implication i.e. either cash is received or paid out. Examples of these transactions include selling goods, buying goods, paying employees and so many others. Accounting is involved with identifying these transactions measuring (attaching a value) and reporting on these transactions. If a firm employs a new staff member then this may not be an accounting transaction. However when the firm pays the employee salary, then this is related to accounting as cash involved. This has an economic impact on the organization and will be recorded for accounting purposes. A process is put in place to collect and record this information; it is then classified and summarized so that it can be reported to the interested parties. The main purpose of Accounting is to provide financial information about an economic entity. It provides a means where the steward reports to the owner how the funds entrusted to him are used to enhance the wealth of the business. Business Transaction is an event which involves the transfer of money or money‘s worth of financial events. The following summarises the business transaction that a firm might have: Acquisition of assets from owners and other creditors Investing resources in assets to produce goods or services Using resources to produce goods and services Selling goods or services of the firm Paying those to whom money is owned Returning assets to owners

INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL POLICY Social policy is an activity that tries to formulate and implement a decision to solve social diseases. Social development workers must have knowledge, skills and attitudes to enable them understand and know how social policies are made and administered for the achievement of set goals. Social development workers are expected to examine organization structure of the institution that make and implement policies to enable them translate these policies into programs and assess their effectiveness. Definition of terms: Policy- is a general statement of understanding which provide or challenges thinking of an individual. Policy-is a plan of action. Points of reference i) When programs are being developed. ii) When decisions are being taken about people, employees or particular issue in general. Social policy:-social policy relates to guidelines for the changing, maintenance or creation of living conditions that are conducive to human welfare. Statement that guide the government and NGO in an effort to provide social services to the needy citizen in the society. Administration Effective coordination of organizational activities to facilitate effective and efficiency attachment of goals and objectives Social policy and Administration Is concerned with effective policy implementation in order to achieve goals and objectives of social service provision. - Social policy is that part of public policy that has to do social issues, in most European countries; those types of insurance are made mandatory by law

Computer software is a set of programs, documents, step-by-step instructions (procedures) and routines associated with the operation of a computer system that makes the hardware capable of its various activities. • This is the logic that guides the computer hardware when performing a task. Software classification • i) System software • 1. Operating Software • 2. System Utilities • ii) Application software • a) Application packages ( offshelf) • b) User programs ( Tailor made)

ASPECTS OF HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT The aspects of human growth and development refer to the various dimensions or facets of individuals' progress and maturation as they move through different stages of life. These aspects encompass physical, cognitive, emotional, social, moral, identity, sexual, and spiritual dimensions, each contributing to the holistic development of individuals Here are the key aspects of human growth and development: 1. Physical Development: Physical development refers to the changes in the body's structure, function, and appearance over time. This includes growth in height, weight, muscle mass, bone density, motor skills, coordination, sensory abilities, and physical health. 2. Cognitive Development: Cognitive development involves the growth and maturation of mental processes, including perception, memory, attention, language, problem-solving, reasoning, decision-making, and information processing. Cognitive development is influenced by genetics, environment, experiences, and educational opportunities. 3. Emotional Development: Emotional development pertains to the ability to recognize, understand, and manage one's own emotions as well as empathize with others' feelings. It involves the development of emotional awareness, regulation, expression, resilience, empathy, and social competence. 4. Social Development: Social development encompasses the growth of interpersonal skills, social relationships, and social behaviors within the context of family, peers, schools, communities, and society at large. It includes the development of communication skills, cooperation, empathy, conflict resolution, and cultural competence. 5. Moral Development: Moral development refers to the formation of ethical principles, values, beliefs, and standards of behavior that guide individuals' decisions and actions in social and moral dilemmas. It involves the development of conscience, empathy, moral reasoning, and the ability to distinguish between right and wrong. 6. Identity Development: Identity development involves the exploration and construction of one's sense of self, including personal values, beliefs, interests, goals, roles, and identity. It encompasses the development of self-concept, self-esteem, self-awareness, and the integration of personal and social identities. 7. Sexual Development: Sexual development involves the biological, psychological, and social aspects of sexuality, gender identity, and sexual orientation. It includes the physical changes associated with puberty, the exploration of sexual identity and relationships, and the development of healthy attitudes and behaviors related to sexuality.

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