Sex and Gender: Sex refers to the biological characteristics that categorize someone as either female or male; Gender refers to the socially determined ideas, roles and practices of what is expected of male or female. These ideas and roles are assigned by cultural beliefs of a community. Culture: This is distinctive patterns of ideas, beliefs, and norms which characterize the way of life and relations of society. We already said that culture defines the roles of men and women. This brings about gender stereotypes. For example we normally assume that women cannot be leaders or cannot initiate development for the family, only men can. This is a stereotype because there are many cases where women are actually the breadwinners of their families. Men cannot be good in child caring, another stereotype which prevents men from childcare duties even if they might be good at it. Another way to understand these concepts is to know the meaning of patriarchy; systemic societal structures that institutionalize male physical, social and economic power over women. That is why it is important to understand the concept of power relations; the hierarchical power between men and women that tend to disadvantage women.

This educational material delves into the intricate application of medical-legal ethics within the healthcare setting. It is specifically tailored to impart comprehensive knowledge on the practical implementation of these fundamental principles in a hospital environment, with a focus on their relevance within surgical procedures and protocols.

This educational material provides an in-depth exploration of the practical application of environmental literacy in the workplace. It is specifically designed to impart comprehensive knowledge on the fundamental principles and their practical implementation in professional settings.

Community It refers to a geographical locality and its residents Jensen (1939) mentions that a community is used in everyday language to refer to a number of persons who have similar interest e.g. sporting community, business community Kayman (1972) indicates that a community refers to the local community/locality Wilson (1912) he saw communities as a complex of economic and social processes in which individuals find the satisfactions that are not supplied within their home. Organization Warren (1955) points out that organizations are resources which enables members of a community to work together to meet their needs. Wiledon (1970) views an organization as individuals in a given situation who usually agree to work together for attainment of certain objectives Organizations are also viewed as a collection of individuals formed into a coordinated system of specialized activities for the purpose of achieving certain goals over some extended period of time even tough individual membership may change. Community Based organizations Theses are social agencies that consist of a collection of individuals formed into a coordinated system of specialized activities for the purpose of achieving certain goals over some extended period of time even though individual membership may change and they are specifically based within a single local community. Like other non- profits, they are often run on a voluntary basis and are self funded.

1. Which is the environmental governing body in Kenya? a) EMCA b) NEMA c) Ministry of Environment d) Government of Kenya 2. In which year was EMCA amended to align with the Kenyan Constitution? a) 2015 b) 1999 c) 2007 d) 2010 3. Among the following, which is not a hazardous material? a) Mine Brine b) Used oil c) Natural gas d) Broken computers 4. Which of the following is a storage method of environmentally hazardous material? a) Open Tanks b) Open pits c) Injection wells d) Incineration 5. Which disposal method is most ideal for hazard waste from Uranium mining? a) Landfills b) Recycling c) Injection wells d) Sea dumping 6. What does OSHS not deal with? a) Provision of PPE b) Employability c) First Aid training d) Workplace safety 7. Chemical splashes are common hazard at Coca Cola Company. Which PPE does not protect from this? a) Goggles b) Overall c) Safety boots d) Earplugs

This module covers knowledge and skills needed for self-management. It will address self- management issues like the formulation of personal vision, mission, and goals, development of a personal management plan, evaluation and monitoring of individual performance, management of emotions, development of assertiveness, time Management, maintaining accountability and responsibility, and analysing individual strengths and weaknesses. In addition, the module covers national values and principles of governance, and aspects of social cohesion in fragile contexts.

Meaning of law: the system of rules that a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actionsof its members and may enforce by the imposition of penalties. The following are the main branches of law Private law signifies rules that regulate the relationships between private individuals (subjects of law who are, legally speaking, in an equal situation; for example, the legal relationship between a buyer and a seller, where both parties have certain rights and obligations). Private law covers civil law, commercial law, international private law as well as intellectual property (such as copyright, patent law). Public law, on the other hand, consists in rules where one party is the state, who participates in the legal relationship from a position of strength – thereby effecting its power. Public law also signifies principles that serve as a basis for the structure of the state and the relationships between the state and the citizens. In addition to constitutional law, public law also covers administrative, financial, criminal and procedural law as well as international law.

Psychosocial support refers to a range of interventions and activities aimed at promoting the mental, emotional, social, and psychological well-being of individuals or communities. It recognizes the interconnection between psychological and social factors and seeks to address the complex interplay between them. Psychosocial support is often provided in various settings, including healthcare, humanitarian aid, counseling, and community services. IMPORTANCE OF PSYCHO SOCIAL SUPPORT Psychosocial support plays a crucial role in promoting the well-being and resilience of individuals and communities facing various challenges. Here are several key reasons highlighting the importance of psychosocial support:

Home based care and support refer to healthcare services delivered in the comfort and familiarity of a patient's home, rather than in a traditional medical facility. Home-based care is defined as any HIV and related care provided to people in their homes by formal or informal caregivers including physical, psychosocial, palliative, and spiritual activities, and is mainly provided by community-based organizations.

SOCIOLOGY OF EDUCATION 1.Define the following sociological terms (8mks) a)Social institutions Specialized structures established to ensure that the psychological physiological and security needs of its members are well catered for. b)Sociology of education This is a branch of sociology that studies the social side of education. It attempts to systematically study the sociological problems (those originating from the society), patterns and process that are found/associated with the education practice. c)Values Refer to intangible qualities or beliefs accepted and endorsed by a given society They include justice, freedom, respect, community, and responsibility d)Socialization Socialization can also be seen as the process of building of group values into the individual or the process through which the individual is cultured. Socialization is the way culture is transmitted and the individual is fitted in into an organized way of life.