Medicinal Chemistry is a core unit in diploma in pharmacy

Antimalarial are a core unit in medicinal chemistry...in diploma in Pharmacy

Download a copy of KCSE 2023 CHEMISTRY PP1 & PP2 QUESTION PAPERS with comprehensive KNEC Marking Schemes, This is instrumental in aiding your revision for your fourth coming examinations.

Enzymes Enzymes are biocatalysts the catalysts of life. A catalyst is defined as a substance that increases the velocity or rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any change in the overall process. Enzymes may be defined as biocatalysts synthesized by living cells. Their basic properties include, They are protein in nature (exception - RNA acting as ribozyme), colloidal and thermolabile in character, and specific in their action. In the laboratory, hydrolysis of proteins by a strong acid at 100oC takes at least a couple of days. The same protein is fully digested by the enzymes in gastrointestinal tract at body temperature (37oC) within a couple of hours. This remarkable difference in the chemical reactions taking place in the living system is exclusively due to enzymes. The very existence of life is unimaginable without the presence of enzymes. Enzymes catalyse a specific substance called a substrate. Role of enzymes in biochemical reactions Enzymes are biological catalysts that increase the rate or velocity, v, of many physiologic reactions yet are not used up in the reaction and are synthesized by living cells. Enzymes are specialized proteins found and produced by living cells and act as biological catalysts a. In the absence of enzymes, most reactions in the body would proceed so slowly that life would be impossible. Some chemical reactions are only possible by enzymes. C. A deficiency in enzyme activity can cause disease. a. Inherited absence or mutations in enzymes involved in critical metabolic pathways e.g. the urea cycle or glycogen metabolism are referred to as inborn errors of metabolism. If not detected soon after birth, these conditions can lead to serious metabolic derangements in infants and even death. b. An enzyme deficiency can produce a deficiency of the product of the reaction it catalyzes, which may inhibit other reactions that depend on availability of that product. c. Accumulation of the substrate or metabolic byproducts of the substrate due to an enzyme deficiency can have profound physiologic consequences. d. Most inborn errors of metabolism manifest after birth because the exchange of metabolites between mother and fetus provides for fetal metabolic needs in utero. e. Therapeutic strategies for enzyme deficiency diseases include dietary modification and potential gene therapy or direct enzyme replacement

BASIC RULES FOR MECHANISM STUDIES IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Carbon has 4 bonds – it is neutral. If it has 3 bonds, then look at number of electrons. None – positive - carbocation 1 electron – no charge – free radical 2 electrons – negative - carbanion Curly arrow : Atom where the arrow comes from – becomes less negative or positive. If it was an anion – atom becomes neutral

Lewis Structures A Lewis structure shows what atoms are connected to each other, and it shows where the electrons in the molecule reside. Single bonds between two atoms are represented with a single line, signifying two shared electrons; double bonds are represented with a double line, signifying four shared electrons; and triple bonds are represented with a triple line, signifying six shared. Nonbonding electrons are indicated with dots on the atoms on which they reside.

Nanoscience is the emerging science of objects that are intermediate in size between the largest molecules and the smallest structures that can be fabricated by current photolithography; that is, the science of objects with smallest dimensions ranging from a few nanometers to less than 100 nanometers.[1–3] In chemistry, this range of sizes has historically been associated with colloids, micelles, polymer molecules, phase-separated regions in block copolymers, and similar structures—typically, very large molecules, or aggregates of many molecules. More recently, structures such as buckytubes, silicon nanorods, and compound semi conductor quantum dots have emerged as particularly interesting classes of nanostructures. In physics and electrical engineering, nanoscience is most often associated with quantum behavior, and the behavior of electrons and photons in nanoscale structures. Biology and biochemistry also have a deep interest in nanostructures as components of the cell; many of the most interesting structures in biology—from DNA and viruses to subcellular organelles and gap junctions—can be considered as nanostructures.

Get a copy of the KCSE 2024 CHEMISTRY REVISION BOOKLET ANSWERS AND QUESTIONS. This booklet consist of up to 20 consolidated Chemistry 2024 Mock papers from Top National Schools and Joint Exams. They come with a comprehensive and well coordinated Marking scheme making it a great and valuable resource for your revision!

Download a copy of the MARANDA HIGH POST-MOCK 2024; Chemistry PP1,PP2 & PP3 Question Papers with well coordinated Marking Schemes attached. This is a good revision material for your upcoming exams.

Download a copy of the MARANDA HIGH JULY MOCK 2024; Chemistry PP1,PP2 & PP3 Question Papers with well coordinated Marking Schemes attached. This is a good revision material for your upcoming exams.