Cancer treatment varies based on the type, stage, and location of cancer, as well as the patient's overall health. The main treatment modalities include: 1. Surgery Purpose: Remove the tumor and surrounding tissue. Types: Curative surgery (to remove cancer completely). Palliative surgery (to relieve symptoms). 2. Radiation Therapy Purpose: Use high-energy particles or waves to destroy or damage cancer cells. Types: External beam radiation (from outside the body). Internal radiation (brachytherapy). 3. Chemotherapy Purpose: Use of drugs to kill cancer cells or stop their growth. Administration: Can be given orally, intravenously, or via injection. Side Effects: Nausea, fatigue, hair loss, etc. 4. Immunotherapy Purpose: Boost the body’s natural defenses to fight cancer. Types: Monoclonal antibodies. Immune checkpoint inhibitors. 5. Targeted Therapy Purpose: Target specific molecules involved in cancer growth and progression. Examples: Tyrosine kinase inhibitors, PARP inhibitors. 6. Hormone Therapy Purpose: Block or lower the amount of hormones in the body to slow or stop the growth of cancer. Used for: Hormone-sensitive cancers (e.g., breast and prostate cancer). 7. Stem Cell Transplant Purpose: Replace damaged bone marrow with healthy stem cells. Used for: Certain types of blood cancers (e.g., leukemia, lymphoma). Conclusion Cancer treatment is often a combination of these modalities, tailored to the individual patient's needs. Ongoing research and clinical trials continue to improve treatment options and outcomes.