Definition: topical agents are those substances, which are applied to body surface including applications within the mucous membranes of body cavities • These are the compounds that act locally with skin or mucous membrane mainly by mechanical or physical manner. • Use of topical agents for treatment of dermatologic disorders is not only convenient but also minimizes systemic adverse effects

Wong's Essentials of Pediatric Nursing has been a leading book in pediatric nursing since it was first published almost 40 years ago. This kind of support places immense accountability and responsibility on us to earn your future endorsement with each new edition. So, with your encouragement and constructive comments, we offer this extensive revision, the tenth edition of Wong's Essentials of Pediatric Nursing. This tenth edition continues the legacy of Donna Wong and David Wilson; our beloved colleagues. We hold dear their contributions and memories of their pursuit of excellence in all they did for the Wong textbooks.

Is the process of identifying an existing problem. Determining the root cause or causes of the problem/deciding the best course of the action in order to solve the problem and then finally implementing it to solve it. Simply methodology for solving everyday issues

Refers to nursing care organizational modalities Nursing modalities are dependent on organizational philosophy, nursing staff, client population and patient condition.

What is planning? Refers to a deliberative systematic phase of the nursing process that involves decision making and problem solving. It involves client assessment of data and diagnostic statements for direction in formulating client goals and designing the nursing interventions

Nursing care can be carried out through a variety of organizational methods. The model of nursing care used varies greatly from one facility to another and from one set of patient circumstances to another

At puberty, hypothalamus is stimulated to produce GnRH to the adeno-hypo-physeal • Production of either follicle stimulating hormone(FSH) or Luteinizing hormone (LH) to the female ovary or male testes. • In males the FSH effects spermatogenesis in the seminiferous tubules within the testis • In females stimulates the maturation of graafian follicle in ovary • FSH stimulates secretion of estrogen in female, androgens in males and LH stimulates secretion of progesterone

At puberty, hypothalamus is stimulated to produce GnRH to the adeno-hypo-physeal • Production of either follicle stimulating hormone(FSH) or Luteinizing hormone (LH) to the female ovary or male testes. • In males the FSH effects spermatogenesis in the seminiferous tubules within the testis • In females stimulates the maturation of graafian follicle in ovary • FSH stimulates secretion of estrogen in female, androgens in males and LH stimulates secretion of progesterone

The placenta is a temporary organ of pregnancy found in the uterus; formed from fetomaternal components facilitating the exchange of substances between the mother and the growing fetus. The placenta is a vital organ with multiple functions, such as endocrine, immune, and physiological.

Every year about 9 million children in developing countries die before they reach their fifth birthday, many of them during the first year of life. Ethiopia has one of the highest under-five mortality rates with more than 321,000 children under the age of five dying every year.