In the digital era, various information is presented as data in our life. What is data? How is data transmitted? In this note we will use the network reference model to understand the life of data.

The Versatile Routing Platform (VRP) is a universal operating system (OS) platform for Huawei datacom products. It is based on IP and adopts a component-based architecture. It provides rich features and functions, including application-based tailorable and extensible functions, greatly improving the running efficiency of the devices that use this OS. To efficiently manage such devices, you must be familiar with VRP and VRP-based configuration. This note describes the basic concepts, common commands, and command line interface (CLI) of VRP.

Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) is the core protocol suite in the TCP/IP protocol suite. It works at the network layer in the TCP/IP protocol stack and this layer corresponds to the network layer in the Open System Interconnection Reference Model (OSI RM). The network layer provides connectionless data transmission services. A network does not need to establish a connection before sending data packets. Each IP data packet is sent separately. This notes describes the basic concepts of IPv4 addresses, subnetting, network IP address planning, and basic IP address configuration.

There are typically multiple IP subnets on a typical data communication network. Layer 3 devices are required to exchange data between these IP subnets. These devices have the routing capability and can forward data across subnets. Routing is the basic element of data communication networks. It is the process of selecting paths on a network along which packets are sent from a source to a destination. This note introduces the basic concepts of routing.

Static routes are manually configured. If a network topology changes, static routes have to be manually adjusted, which restricts the large-scale application of static routes on the live network. Dynamic routing protocols are widely used on live networks because of their high flexibility, high reliability, and easy scalability. The Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) protocol is a widely used dynamic routing protocol. This course describes basic concepts,working mechanism, and basic configurations of OSPF.

Data transmission on networks must comply with certain standards. Ethernet protocols define how data frames are transmitted over an Ethernet network. Understanding Ethernet protocols is the basis for fully understanding communication at the data link layer. An Ethernet switch is the main device for implementing data link layer communication. It is essential to understand how an Ethernet switch works. This note describes the concepts related to Ethernet protocols, MAC address types, and working process and mechanism of Layer 2 switches.

Ethernet technology implements data communication over shared media based on carrier sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD). If there are a large number of PCs on the Ethernet, security risks and broadcast storms may occur, deteriorating network performance and even causing network breakdowns. The virtual local area network (VLAN) technology is therefore introduced to solve the preceding problem. This note describes basic VLAN principles, working principles of different Layer 2 interfaces, VLAN applications, data forwarding principles, and basic VLAN configuration methods.

On an Ethernet switching network, redundant links are used to implement link backup and enhance network reliability. However, the use of redundant links may produce loops, leading to broadcast storms and an unstable MAC address table. As a result, communication on the network may deteriorate or even be interrupted. To prevent loops, IEEE introduced the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP). Devices running STP exchange STP Bridge Protocol Data Units (BPDUs) to discover loops on the network and block appropriate ports. This enables a ring topology to be trimmed into a loop-free tree topology, preventing infinite looping of packets and ensuring packet processing capabilities of devices. IEEE introduced the Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP) to improve the network convergence speed.

By default, a Layer 2 switching network is a broadcast domain, which brings many problems. Virtual local area network (VLAN) technology isolates such broadcast domains, preventing users in different VLANs from communicating with each other. However, such users sometimes need to communicate. This course describes how to implement inter-VLAN communication.

As services develop and the campus network scale expands, users have increasingly demanding requirements on network bandwidth and reliability. Traditional solutions improve network bandwidth by upgrading devices and implement high reliability by deploying redundant links and using the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP), leading to low flexibility, time-consuming troubleshooting, and complex configuration. This chapter describes how to use Eth-Trunk, intelligent stack (iStack), and cluster switch system (CSS) technologies to improve network bandwidth and reliability.