Another convenient feature of the FGT class of poverty measures is that they can be disaggregated for population subgroups and the contribution of each subgroup to national poverty can be calculated. Although the FGT measure provides an elegant unifying framework for measures of poverty, it leaves unanswered the question of the best value of . The measures of poverty depth and poverty severity provide information complementary to the incidence of poverty. It might be that some groups have a high poverty incidence but low poverty gap (when numerous members are just below the poverty line), while other groups have a low poverty incidence but a high poverty gap for those who are poor (when relatively few members are below the poverty line but with extremely low levels of consumption). The Table below provides an example from Madagascar

Describing Poverty: Poverty Profiles What is a Country Poverty Profile? A country poverty profile sets out the major facts on poverty and inequality, and then examines the pattern of poverty to see how it varies by geography (by region, urban or rural, mountains or plains, and so on), by community characteristics (for example, in communities with and without a school), and by household characteristics (for example, by education of household head or by household size). Hence, a poverty profile is a comprehensive poverty comparison, showing how poverty varies across subgroups of society. A well-presented poverty profile can be very informative and extremely useful in assessing how the sectoral or regional pattern of economic change is likely to affect aggregate poverty. It uses basic techniques such as tables and graphs. For example, regional poverty comparisons are important for targeting development programs to poorer areas. A study of poverty in Cambodia showed that headcount poverty rates were highest in the rural sector and lowest in Phnom Penh in 1999

Poverty Monitoring and Evaluation A poverty monitoring and evaluation system is required to determine whether a countrys overall poverty reduction strategy, and its main components, is effective. Poverty Monitoring Challenges The first challenge in monitoring progress toward poverty reduction is to: • Identify the goals that the strategy is designed to achieve, such as eradicate hunger or halve poverty within a decade. • Select the key indicators that measure progress toward the goals for example the proportion of individuals consuming less than 2,100 Calories per day, or the proportion of households living on less than a dollar a day. • Set targets, which quantify the level of the indicators that are to be achieved by a given date, for example reduce by half the number of households living on less than a dollar a day by the year 2030

Poverty and Environment What is the Environment? The term environment’ used narrowly refers to green issues concerned with nature such as pollution control, biodiversity and climate change. Use more broadly, it includes issues such as drinking water and sanitation provision (often known as the brown agenda). Neefjes (2000, p. 2) uses the term in a broad sense, referring to the environment as a vehicle for analyzing and describing relationships between people and their surroundings, now and in the future. What is the linkage between Poverty and Environment? The simplistic cyclical relationship between environment and poverty is where poverty causes environmental destruction and this causes poverty.

What is environment? The surrounding. It is a complex of many factors that interact not only with the organism but also among themselves. The physical-chemical and biological components of the environment are of great importance to an ecologist.

Soil is the upper layer of the earth’s crust or surface. Different vegetation types occur on different soil types. Soil types are closely related to species distribution and community structure. Specifically, species diversity is linked to soil composition, stratification and soil formation.

Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Trilobita (Trilobitomorpha): trilobites (extinct) Subphylum Chelicerata: chelicerates Class Merostomata: horseshoe crabs Class Pycnogonida: sea spiders Class Arachnida: spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites, etc. Subphylum Crustacea: crustaceans Class Malacostraca (orders: Isopoda, Amphipoda, Decapoda and Stomatopoda) Class Branchiopoda: brine shrimp, water fleas (Daphnia) Class Copepoda:copepods Class Cirripedia: barnacles Class Ostracoda: seed shrimps Subphylum Uniramia: uniramians Class Diplopoda: millipedes Class Chilopoda: centipedes Class Pauropoda: pauropods Class Symphyla: symphylans Class Insecta: insects --- (subphylum Hexapoda

Identification; assigning a plant to a particular group The identification of plant specimen is its determination of being identical with or similar to another already known plant. A character is any property of plant that can be used to record similarities or differences between individuals Identification characters are divided into two: Endormophic characters – internal features used for identification palynology; anatomy; cytology; phytochemicals; genotypes/semantids Exomorphic characters- external features used for identification Morphological characters are those that deal with external form and structure of plants; they include growth habit, leaf, surface coverings, flower, inflourescence, fruits etc

One of the largest, highly diverse and widely distributed groups in the animal kingdom Very abundant - numbers extremely high (more than 60,000 described species (with an estimated 500,000 more still undescribed) Habitat - both aquatic and terrestrial (many free-living & parasitic)

Blood is a circulating fluid tissue well developed in reptiles, birds and mammals. Blood consists of two components. These are: a) Blood cells. These are also known as the formed elements. The cells make up about 45 percent of blood. This fraction of blood is known as packed cell volume (PCV) or the hematocrit value of blood. b) Plasma. This is the liquid part of blood that makes about 55 percent of blood.