INTRODUCTION TO LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT

Institution TVET
Course DIPLOMA IN NURSING
Year 1st Year
Semester Unknown
Posted By stephen oyake rabilo
File Type pdf
Pages 132 Pages
File Size 2.75 MB
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Health, according to the WHO, is "a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity. • A health management system, also sometimes referred to as health care system is an organization of people, institutions, and resources that deliver health care services to meet the health needs of target populations. • Leader, an individual who is able to influence and inspire a group or organisational members to help the group or organisation achieve its goals • Leadership is a process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal. Leadership is a function of knowing yourself, having a vision that is well communicated, building trust among colleagues and taking effective action to realise your own leadership potential. • Health systems cannot be strengthened without good management and leadership. Leadership and management skills are therefore essential at all levels of the health system. Health managers should also embrace leadership and management practices that will lead to improved health outcomes. • Administration-mainly involves interpreting and implementing narrow rules or specific rules regulation and policies of an organisation.
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Reactions of Alkyl halides
In this type of reaction, a nucleophile reacts with haloalkane (the substrate) having a partial positive charge on the carbon atom bonded to halogen. A substitution reaction takes place and halogen atom, called leaving group departs as halide ion. Since the substitution reaction is initiated by a nucleophile, it is called nucleophilic substitution reaction
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Substitution and Elimination Electron Flow Pathway
Path Limitations There are three requirements for the S N 2 reaction. In order to be pushed out, the leaving group must be at least fair, usually good. The nucleophile also must be reactive enough to push out the leaving group. Finally, the back side of the tetrahedral carbon attacked must be accessible to the nucleophile and not blocked by other groups.
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The SN2 reaction
The hydroxide ion is a good nucleophile since the oxygen atom has a negative charge and a pair of unshared electrons. The carbon atom is electrophilic since it is bound to a (more electronegative) halogen, which pulls electron density away from the carbon, thus polarizing the bond with carbon bearing partial positive charge and the halogen bearing partial negative charge. The nucleophile is attracted to the electrophile by electrostatic charges. The nucleophile attacks the electrophilic carbon through donation of 2 electrons. Carbon can only have a maximum of 8 valence electrons, so as the carbon nucleophile bond is forming, then the carbon-leaving group bond must be breaking. Iodide is the leaving group since it leaves with the pair of electrons that once bound it to carbon.
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