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APS 402: COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY
| Institution | KENYATTA UNIVERSITY |
| Course | BACHELOR OF ARTS PSY... |
| Year | 4th Year |
| Semester | Unknown |
| Posted By | stephen oyake rabilo |
| File Type | |
| Pages | 105 Pages |
| File Size | 1.17 MB |
| Views | 2491 |
| Downloads | 0 |
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Description
Cognition is a key aspect in lives of human beings. It is the aspect of human life that controls all the mental process as well as the activities in our daily lives. To be able to use our limbs, to communicate with people or to learn and perform a specific task we apply our cognitive resources. In essence cognition is omnipresent in all aspects in our lives. On the other hand psychology is a study of the mind and behavior. Through psychology, we learn about our emotions, our thought process and our behavior. Cognitive psychology helps us to understand our emotions, our thoughts and our behavior in response to our emotions and thoughts. We are also able to understand other
people that we interact with based on psychology of our cognition. In this unit you will learn how cognitive process affects our thoughts, emotions and behavior. This will help you understand yourself better and those you interact with.
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Reactions of Alkyl halides
In this type of reaction, a nucleophile reacts with haloalkane (the substrate) having a
partial positive charge on the carbon atom bonded to halogen. A substitution reaction takes place and halogen atom, called leaving group departs as halide ion. Since the substitution reaction is initiated by a nucleophile, it is called nucleophilic substitution reaction
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Substitution and Elimination Electron Flow Pathway
Path Limitations
There are three requirements for the S N 2 reaction.
In order to be pushed out, the leaving group must be at least fair, usually good. The nucleophile also must be reactive enough to push out the leaving group.
Finally, the back side of the tetrahedral carbon attacked must be
accessible to the nucleophile and not blocked by other groups.
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The SN2 reaction
The hydroxide ion is a good nucleophile since the oxygen atom has a negative charge and a pair of unshared electrons.
The carbon atom is electrophilic since it is bound to a (more electronegative)
halogen, which pulls electron density away from the carbon, thus polarizing the
bond with carbon bearing partial positive charge and the halogen bearing partial negative charge.
The nucleophile is attracted to the electrophile by electrostatic charges.
The nucleophile attacks the electrophilic carbon through donation of 2 electrons. Carbon can only have a maximum of 8 valence electrons, so as the carbon nucleophile bond is forming, then the carbon-leaving group bond must be breaking. Iodide is the leaving group since it leaves with the pair of electrons that once bound it to carbon.
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