Path Limitations There are three requirements for the S N 2 reaction. In order to be pushed out, the leaving group must be at least fair, usually good. The nucleophile also must be reactive enough to push out the leaving group. Finally, the back side of the tetrahedral carbon attacked must be accessible to the nucleophile and not blocked by other groups.

The hydroxide ion is a good nucleophile since the oxygen atom has a negative charge and a pair of unshared electrons. The carbon atom is electrophilic since it is bound to a (more electronegative) halogen, which pulls electron density away from the carbon, thus polarizing the bond with carbon bearing partial positive charge and the halogen bearing partial negative charge. The nucleophile is attracted to the electrophile by electrostatic charges. The nucleophile attacks the electrophilic carbon through donation of 2 electrons. Carbon can only have a maximum of 8 valence electrons, so as the carbon nucleophile bond is forming, then the carbon-leaving group bond must be breaking. Iodide is the leaving group since it leaves with the pair of electrons that once bound it to carbon.

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Economic Growth Economic growth and economic development are generally not one and the same thing but most people use the terms interchangeably. What is economic growth and how is it different from economic development? Economic growth means increase in per capita income or sustained increase in a country's output of goods and services. Kenya’s Growth Performance Kenya’s economic growth has followed an oscillating pattern since independence in 1963 as shown in Figure 1. In 1964, the economy took an upward trajectory up to 1972 when the growth took a nosedive but started rising again in 1975. Following two decades of stagnation in per capita income and high volatility of economic activity, Kenya’s economy moved to a path of accelerating growth after 2002 when a new government was sworn in. The rate of economic growth increased steadily from below 1percent in 2002 to 7percent in 2007. Following the December 2007 elections, the country was hit by post election violence in January 2008 followed by global financial crisis in 2008/2009 and this negatively impacted the rate of economic growth as shown in Figure 1.