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CPA-3-Financial-Management
| Institution | KASNEB |
| Course | CPA |
| Year | 1st Year |
| Semester | Unknown |
| Posted By | stephen |
| File Type | |
| Pages | 205 Pages |
| File Size | 1.15 MB |
| Views | 2434 |
| Downloads | 0 |
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Description
Financial Management is a discipline concerned with the generation and allocation of scarce resources (usually funds) to the most efficient user within the firm (the competing projects) through a market pricing system (the required rate of return). A firm requires resources in form of funds raised from investors. The funds must be allocated within the organization to projects which will yield the highest return. We shall refer to this definition as we go through the subject.
1. 2 Required Rate of Return (Ri)
The required rate of return (Ri) is the minimum rate of return that a project must generate if it has to receive funds. It’s therefore the opportunity cost of capital or returns expected from the second best alternative. In general, Required Rate of Return = Risk-free rate + Risk premium
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SPH 302 LESSON 5: Heat engines and the Carnot cycle
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A heat engine, or more simply, an engine, is a device that extracts energy from its environment in the form of heat and does useful work. At the heart of every engine is a working substance. In a steam engine, the working substance is water, in both its vapor and its liquid form. In an automobile engine, the working substance is a gasoline–air mixture. If an engine is to do work
on a sustained basis, the working substance must operate in a cycle; that is, the working substance must pass through a closed
series of thermodynamic processes, called strokes, returning again and again to each state in its cycle.
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SPH 302 LESSON 6: Helmholtz and Gibbs free energy
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Gibbs free energy, also known as the Gibbs function, Gibbs energy, or free enthalpy, is a quantity that is used to measure the
maximum amount of work done in a thermodynamic system when the temperature and pressure are kept constant. Gibbs free
energy is denoted by the symbol ‘G’. Its value is usually expressed in Joules or Kilojoules.
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SPH 302 LESSON 7: Thermodynamic potentials
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Thermodynamic potentials are state functions that, together with the corresponding equations of state, describe the equilibrium
behavior of a system as a function of so-called “natural variables”. The natural variables are a set of appropriate variables that
allow to compute other state functions by partial differentiation of the thermodynamic potentials.
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SPH 302 LESSON 8: Equillibrium between phases
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The generic phase diagram of a substance in the P-T coordinates is shown in figure 8.1a and b. Every point of this diagram is an equilibrium state. Different states of the system in equilibrium are called phases. The lines dividing different phases are called the coexistence curves. Along these curves, the phases coexist in equilibrium, and the system is macroscopically inhomogeneous. All three coexistence curves can meet at the triple point.
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UCI 301 LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT MANAGEMENT
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Projects are a group of activities that have to be performed with limited resources to yield specific objectives, in a specific time, and in a specific locality. Thus, a project is a
temporary endeavor employed to create a unique product, service or results. Projects are an investment on which resources are used to create assets that will produce benefits over an expanded period of time.
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UCI 301 LESSON 2: PROJECT LIFECYCLE
Good project management deals with three factors: time, cost and performance. Projects are successful if they are completed on time, within budget, and to performance requirements. In order to bring the many components of a large project into control there is a large toolkit of techniques, methodologies, and tools.
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UCI 301 LESSON 3: PROJECT PLANING
Project planning defines the project activities and deliverables that will be performed and describes how the activities will be accomplished. The purpose of project planning is to define each major task, estimate the time and resources required and provided a framework management review and control.
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UCI 301 LESSON 4: FEASIBILITY STUDY
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A feasibility study is essentially a process for determining the viability of a proposed initiative or service and providing a framework and direction for its development and delivery. It is a process for making sound decisions and setting direction.
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UCI 301 LESSON 6: SOFTWARE COST ESTIMATION
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Estimates are made to discover the cost, to the developer, of producing a software system. You take into account, hardware, software, travel, training, overheads and effort costs. There is not a simple relationship between the development cost and the price charged to the customer.
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UCI 301 LESSON 7: SOFTWARE CONFIGURATION MANAGEMENT
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Software configuration management is an umbrella activity that is applied throughout the software process. Because change can occur at any time, SCM activities are developed to;
1. Identify change
2. Control change
3. Ensure that change is being properly implemented
4. Report change to others who may have an interest
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