An amazing variety of life exists in the soil ecosystem -from microscopic mites to small mammals. • Most of the soil biota have barely been studied • Soil arthropods and soil fungi - two of the largest groups in the soil have received more attention • Importance of this below-ground ecosystem and its biodiversity is just beginning to be appreciated • Soil ecosystem is very much alive, dynamic and incredibly complex

Trends in human population growth: • Population has grown from an estimated 1 billion in 1800 to about 8 billion in 2022 • Annual global human population growth is estimated at 83 million (about 1.1percent ) • It is expected to rise to about 11.2 billion by the year 2100.

Surveying is defined as taking a general view of, by observation and measurement determining the boundaries, size, position, quantity, condition, value etc. of land, estates, building, farms mines etc. and finally presenting the survey data in a suitable form. This covers the work of the valuation surveyor, the quantity surveyor, the building surveyor, the mining surveyor and so forth, as well as the land surveyor. • Another school of thought define surveying as the act of making measurement of the relative position of natural and manmade features on earths surface and the presentation of this information either graphically or numerically.

The mammalian body is made of essentially non-living matter that is constituted and organized into forms that can contain and maintain life. The matter is in form of chemical compounds known as the chemicals of life. A description of these chemicals constitutes what is known as the chemical basis of life. There are two classes of chemical compounds in the mammalian body namely: a) Organic compounds. These are compounds that contain the element carbon covalently bound to other elements especially hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. b) Inorganic compounds. These are various types of salts/electrolytes in the body. Organic compounds There are four main classes of organic compounds in the body and these are referred to as macromolecules or biomolecules. They are: Carbohydrates. These are energy rich compounds that are readily broken down to release energy that runs the body’s life processes. They are also known as the biological fuel molecules. Carbohydrates are made of the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and are simply abbreviated as CHO. Carbohydrates are synthesized by plants through the process of photosynthesis. Animals acquire carbohydrates by feeding on plants. There are two subdivisions of carbohydrates in the body depending on complexity as explained below: a) Sugars Sugars are small carbohydrate molecules found in the diets and in the bodies of animals. Sugars are also known as saccharides. Some saccharides consist of a single sugar molecule and are known as monosaccharides. The most common and well known monosaccharide in the mammalian body is glucose. A few saccharides consist of two sugar units joined together and are known as disaccharides or double sugars. Examples of disaccharides in mammalian diets are sucrose (cane sugar), lactose (milk sugar) and maltose (a breakdown product of starch). b) Polysaccharides -These are large carbohydrate molecules consisting of large numbers of sugar molecules joined together. Examples of polysaccharides in animal diets are starch, glycogen and cellulose.

Promotion is conducted by persons who come up with the idea to form a company. A promoter is the person who conceives the idea of forming a company and who undertakes, does and goes through all the formalities and incidental preliminaries of incorporation. Legal position of the promoters A promoter is not an agent of the company during formation because the principal (company) does not legally exist. A promoter is not a trustee of the company during formation because the beneficiary doesn’t exist. Promoters are fiduciaries of the company with regard to formation. They have on their hands the creation and molding of the company. This is an equitable relationship based on trust, confidence and good faith. It imposes upon the promoter certain equitable or fiduciary obligations.

Elements of costs is a statement that is a presentation of costs data in form of a statement. It shows cost incurred under appropriate headings e.g: manufacturing using company we shall have: Direct materials + Direct expenses + Direct labour = Prime cost. Prime cost + Factory overheads (Production overheads) = Production costs. Production costs + Administrative overheads + Selling overheads + Distribution overheads = Total costs. Total costs + Profit = Selling price.

Physical education is the foundation of a Comprehensive School Physical Activity Program. It is an academic subject characterized by a planned, sequential curriculum (course of study) that is based on the national standards for physical education.

service costing is the process of identifying all costs associated with building, supporting, and delivering your service. Examples of service cost components include equipment, staff labor, professional fees, software, license fees, and data center charges, to name just a few.

This is charging of overhead to cost units. After determining the overhead of a cost centre these overheads are charged to cost unit. It means that the total overheads of a cost centre are distributed to all cost units produced by the cost centre.

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