(i). Contour line. It is a line of intersection of a level surface with the ground surface. It is also defined as a line passing through points of equal reduced levels. Contour maps are then prepared to show the nature or topography of the ground surface. (ii). Contour interval. It is defined as the vertical distance between any two consecutive contours. If two successive contour lines have elevation 2000m and 1500m, then the contour interval is 500m (i.e. 2000m-1500m). Contour interval is constant for a particular map.

The need to solve systems of linear equations arises frequently in engineering. The analysis of electric circuits and the control of systems are two examples. Cramers rule for solving such systems involves the calculation of determinants and their ratio. For systems containing only a few equations it is a useful method of solution.

Asphalt is the material of choice for heavy traffic roads due to its strength, durability and ease of maintenance and rehabilitation. It is also ideal for urban roads due to speed of construction, noise reduction, better surface drainage and ease of cleaning. Asphalt composition consists of bitumen and aggregates in a definite proportions. Bitumen combines with filler to produce mastic paste that binds the aggregate particles and fills the voids in the aggregate blend; while aggregates provide adequate strength and skid resistance for the layer.

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Some of the most common structures we see around us are buildings & bridges. In addition to these, one can also classify a lot of other objects as "structures."

Concrete is a mixture of cement, aggregate and water; which when fresh, forms a paste that later on sets and hardens by means of hydration reactions to form a solid (stone-like) material. CEMENT According to BS 12, cement is hydraulic binder (finely ground inorganic material), which when mixed with water forms a paste that sets and hardens by means of hydration reactions and processes; and which after hardening retains its strength and stability even under water. a) Type of cement: However there are many types of cement for different construction purposes, the most frequently used types are: Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC): used in safe environment (free from chemical attack). Sulphate Resisting Portland Cement (SRPC): used in sulphate exposure (e.g. in sea waters, chemical industries, etc).

Mentoring relationships have demonstrated to be an excellent way of enhancing professional growth. Both the mentor and the mentee give and grow in the mentoring process. The mentee can learn valuable knowledge from the mentor’s expertise and past mistakes and competencies can be strengthened in specific areas. Mentees will have the opportunity to establish valuable connections with higher level employees. The success of mentoring will depend on clearly defined roles and expectations in addition to the mentee’s awareness of the benefits of participating in the mentoring program

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Grab full notes on engineering mathematics. This textbook contains over 1000 worked problems, followed by some 1750 further problems (all with answers). The further problems are contained within some 220 Exercises; each Exercise follows on directly from the relevant section of work, every two or three pages. In addition, the text contains 238 multiple choice questions

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