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Project management Module 2 notes
| Institution | University |
| Course | Diploma in social wo... |
| Year | 1st Year |
| Semester | Unknown |
| Posted By | Michael Paul |
| File Type | |
| Pages | 105 Pages |
| File Size | 300.42 KB |
| Views | 2060 |
| Downloads | 0 |
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Description
These are simplified Project management notes.Project is the work performed by an organization one time to produce a unique outcome.Eg building a new house.
Below is the document preview.
Analgesics
Inflammation is mediated by prostaglandins
• The treatment of inflammation involves two
primary goals: First, the relief of symptoms and
the maintenance of function; and second, the
slowing or arrest of the tissue-damaging process.
• Salicylates and other similar agents share the
capacity to suppress the signs and symptoms of inflammation.
• They also exert antipyretic and analgesic effects.
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Anti- infective agents
Anti-infective agents are drugs designed to target foreign organisms that have invaded and infected the body of a human host. The goal of anti-infective agents is to interfere with the normal function of the invading organism to prevent it from reproducing and to cause cell death without affecting host cells
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Antineoplastic agents
All cancers start with a single cell that is genetically different (mutated). This cell divides, eventually producing a tumor or neoplasm that has characteristics quite different from those of the original tissue.
• Cancer cells lose their normal function (anaplasia), develop characteristics that allow them to grow in an uninhibited way (autonomy), and have the ability to travel to other sites in the body that are conducive to their growth (metastasis).
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Antidiabetics
Insulin is the hormone produced by the pancreatic beta cells of the islets of Langerhans.
• The hormone is released into circulation when the levels of glucose around these cells rise
• Insulin is released from pancreatic beta cells at a low basal rate and at a much higher stimulated rate in response to a variety of stimuli, especially glucose.
• The liver and kidney are the two main organs that remove insulin from the circulation
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Anti-Fungal Agents
An antifungal agent is a drug that selectively eliminates fungal pathogens from a host with minimal toxicity to the host. Fungi can be found throughout the world in all kinds of environments. Most fungi don’t cause disease in people. However, some species can infect humans and cause illness. While most fungal infections affect areas such as the skin and nails, some can lead to more serious and potentially life threatening conditions like meningitis or pneumonia. There are several types of antifungal drugs available to fight fungal infections.
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ANTI-MALARIAL DRUGS
Malaria is transmitted by the bite of infected female anopheles mosquitoes. During feeding, mosquitoes inject sporozoites, which circulate to the liver, and rapidly infect hepatocytes, causing asymptomatic liver infection (hepatic phase)(absent in falciparum; malariae) . Merozoites released from the liver, rapidly infect erythrocytes to begin the asexual erythrocytic stage of infection that is responsible for human disease. Multiple rounds of erythrocytic development, with production of merozoites that invade additional erythrocytes, lead to large numbers of circulating parasites and clinical illness
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ANTI-PARKINSONIAN DRUGS
It is a common movement disorder that involves dysfunction in the basal ganglia and associated brain structures.
• It is a progressive neurological disorder of muscle
movement characterized by:
Tremors
Muscle rigidity
Bradykinesias =slowness in initiating and carrying out
voluntary movements.
Postural and gait abnormalities
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Anti-Protozoal Drugs
Protozoa are a diverse group of unicellular
eukaryotic organisms, many of which are
motile.
• Parasitic protozoa are transmitted by insects or by fecal-oral route.
• In human.s protozoa mainly reside in blood or
intestine .
• Protozoa of medical importance include
plasmodium, amoeba, trypanosomes
leishmania etc
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ANTIRETROVIRAL AGENTS
Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites; their replication depends primarily on synthetic processes of the host cell. Therefore, to be effective, antiviral agents must either block viral entry into or exit from the cell or be active inside the host cell.
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Antianginal drugs and anticoagulants
CAD involves changes in the coronary vessels that promote atheromas, which narrow the coronary arteries and decrease their elasticity and responsiveness to normal stimuli.
• Angina pectoris occurs when the narrowed vessels cannot accommodate the myocardial demand for oxygen.
• When a coronary vessel is completely occluded, the cells that depend on that vessel for oxygen become ischemic, then necrotic, and die (MI).
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