1.Differentiatae the following terms as used in Cognitive psychology a. Schemas and operations 2marks B. Top down and bottom up perceptual process 2marks Differentiate the following terms as used in Cognitive psychology: a. Schemas and operations: Schemas refer to mental frameworks or structures that help organize and interpret information. They are like blueprints or templates that guide cognitive processes. Operations, on the other hand, are mental processes or actions that manipulate and operate on information within these schemas. They involve mental activities like categorizing, comparing, and problem-solving.

1. Differentiate between mandatory and aspirational types of ethics as used in Psychology 4marks Differentiating between Mandatory and Aspirational Ethics in Psychology: Mandatory Ethics: These are ethical principles and guidelines that must be followed without exception. They are enforced by professional organizations and regulatory bodies. Violating mandatory ethics can lead to disciplinary actions or legal consequences. For example, maintaining client confidentiality is a mandatory ethical requirement in psychology

Using relevance examples define the following terms I. Terrorism 2marks II. Nationalism 2marks III. Power 2marks Using relevance examples, the following terms can be defined: I. Terrorism: Relevance Example: The September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center in 2001 exemplify terrorism, where extremist groups orchestrated coordinated attacks resulting in massive destruction and loss of lives. The deliberate use of violence against civilians or non-combatants to achieve political, religious, or ideological goals characterizes terrorism.