SOIL is a naturally occurring unconsolidated material on the earth surface that has been influenced by parent material, climate, organisms and relief, all acting over a period of time to produce a soil that may differ from the material from which it was derived from in terms of physical, chemical, mineralogical, biological and morphological properties. Soil is composed of particles of broken rock that have been altered by chemical and mechanical processes that include weathering, erosion and precipitation. Soil is altered from its parent rock due to interactions between the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and the biosphere Soil therefore is a dynamic and complex media developing under the influence of external factors i.e hydrosphere (water), atmosphere (air) and biosphere (flora and fauna). Soil science. Is the study of properties and reactions of soils and materials, its relationship with man and how it can be used in the benefit of man.

Rural sociology is one of the various aspects of general sociology such as urban, medical, family, race, relation, criminal, religion sociology etc. To define rural sociology we must first define general sociology. Sociology may be defined as science that deals with the study of the structures and changes of human groups in relation to other members and other groups. Man is a social being and interacts with other groups. This interaction usually takes some form of repetitive patterns that culminates into larger groups with similar characteristics. In the process of these interactions with others, man enters up forming other patterns that gives rise to Social groups when these social groups which usually tend to be interrelated and overlap as considered as whole they form a large social group with similar characteristics known as Society

Performance appraised also referred to us employee assessment is a process of systematically evaluating performance adjustment can be made, performance appraisal can also be said to be the process of evaluating performance & qualifications of the employee in terms of the requirements of the job for which he/she is employed.

Food and beverage control is the guidance and regulation of all operating costs and revenues in the catering establishment with the aim of making a profit. Food and beverage control as is currently practiced in hotel and catering industry is in many respects different from the old concept of cost control which had its origin in the predominantly cost related manufacturing industry.

Before a kitchen is planned, the management must know its goals and objectives in relation to the market strategy. The menu will then determine the type of equipment you will require in order to produce the products that you know from the market research that the customer is going to buy. You also need to know the target numbers that you intend to service.

Management is the art of getting things done through people". From this definition we see that managers achieve organizational goals by arranging for others the necessary tasks to be performed to achieve the goals of the organization, hence they do not do the work themselves.

Potential bidders should be aware that there are various procedures before they can supply building works, roads and housing. The Ministry of Public Works vets all building contractors through the National Registration Committee (NRC), which is chaired by the Chief Architect.

Food and beverage control may be defined as the guidance and regulation of the costs and revenue of operating the catering activity in a food and beverage establishment.

The time of writing a business plan depends on the experience and knowledge of the writer (entrepreneur) as well as the purpose it intends to serve. It should be comprehensive enough to give any potential investor a complete picture and understanding of the new venture.

To impart knowledge and practical skills on the use and maintenance of workshop tools and equipment.

Engineering workshop services include engineering design, fabrication and machining. This involves the selection and use of workshop tools as well as machines. As such, an understanding of workshop practice will ensure effective and safe use of tools and machines while also ensuring the safety of other workshop users.

Management can therefore be defined as principally a task of planning, coordinating, and motivating the efforts of others towards the specific objectives. In brief, management is the task of unifying efforts efficiently to achieve well defined objectives. The resources available to an organization remain idle till they are directed by the dynamic human effort. Management therefore aims at seeing that the job gets done efficiently.

Nutrition is the science that interprets the interaction of nutrients and other substances in food in relation to maintenance, growth, reproduction, health and disease of an organism. It includes food intake, absorption, assimilation, biosynthesis, catabolism and excretion.

You are expected to write the business plan in the order in which it is presented to you. Do not interchange chapters or rearrange the sub-topics within chapters.

Front office: Marketing, sales, and service departments that come in direct contact with the customers, and liaise with the back-office (administrative) departments to maintain a two way flow of information.

Housekeeping is defined as the provision of a clean comfortable and safe environment. It can also be defined as that section in a hotel, hospital or hostel that is involved with ensuring high standards of hygiene.

This course unit is intended to equip the trainee with knowledge skills and attitude to enable him/her work efficiently in catering and accommodation establishment.

communication is the giving, receiving, or exchange of information, opinions or ideas by writing, speech or visual means or a combination of the three so that the material communicated is completely understood by everyone concerned.

Food and beverage service staffs are employed in huge variety of establishments in the hospitality industry, but their basic roles does not differ no matter what type of restaurant, hospitals or other venue they work in.

The word economics comes from the Greek word iokonomia where oikos means house and nomos means managing. Adam Smith defines economics as a science that studies the nature and cause of national wealth. Alfred Marshall defines economics as the study of mankind in the ordinary business of life. Lionel Robbins defines economics as science which studies human behaviour as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses.